The crew continued to make mistakes throughout the taxiing process. Or purchase a subscription for unlimited access to real news you can count on. Custom Content. I can't help it," Tirado was quoted as saying at the time. Nineteen occupants were believed to have survived the impact, but their injuries prevented them from escaping. One deicing vehicle was used by two different operators, who chose widely different mixture percentages to deice the left and right sides of the aircraft. And do not bring us to the time of trial, but rescue us from the evil one.Bible: New Testament, Matthew 6:9-13. And the response was quick, sure, and immediate.Alice Foote MacDougall (18671945). The pilot apparently decided not to return to the gate for reapplication of deicing, fearing that the flight's departure would be even further delayed. The survivors received substantial, undisclosed settlements, as did the families of the 74 who perished on the plane and the four motorists who died. Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. Her most vivid memories of the crash and aftermath are of panic, and then of praying for the first time in her life. Survivors of the crash indicated the trip over the runway was extremely rough, with survivor Joe Stiley a businessman and private pilot saying that he believed that they would not get airborne and would "fall off the end of the runway". Most say they likely will never fully recover, though some have coped better than others. Joe Stiley, one of the survivors, was an experienced pilot. During that time, American Airlines personnel were deicing the aircraft. [4]:80 Heavy snow was falling during their takeoff roll at 3:59pm EST. He also spends time in Port Ludlow, Wash., and Ronan, Mont., where he works in a hydroponic greenhouse, a hobby. [24] Kelly Duncan, the only surviving flight attendant, was recognized in the NTSB accident report for her "unselfish act" of giving the only life vest she could find to a passenger. Partial blame was placed on the young, inexperienced flight crew, who had a combined age of only 65 and had begun their careers as commercial pilots less than five years earlier. At great risk to themselves, the crew worked close to the water's surface, at one time coming so close to the ice-clogged river that the helicopter's skids went beneath the surface of the water. From October 1977 to October 1980, he had been a fighter pilot in the US Air Force, accumulating 669 hours as a flight examiner, instructor pilot, and ground instructor in an F-15 fighter unit. But then, I felt like that was the first time I felt Gods presence, she said. The NTSB concluded that the accident was not survivable. [27] Paul Turk, the publications director of the aviation consultancy firm Avmark Inc., said that many airlines faced difficulties in the 1980s due to fare wars, a recession, and decline in travel, and that Air Florida had already faced increasing debt and financial losses prior to the crash. (Photo by David Hume Kennerly/Getty Images) Embed Save Learn more local office for all commercial or promotional uses. Flight 90: Disaster on the Potomac: Directed by Robert Michael Lewis. The inclement weather had caused an early start to Washington's rush-hour traffic, frustrating the response time of emergency crews. Felch, who recently moved back to the area after divorcing a man she married less than a year after the crash, is job hunting. . Duncan was a flight attendant aboard Air Florida Flight 90 when it hit the 14th Street Bridge and crashed into the river on January 13, 1982. The decision to take off with snow/ice on the airfoil surfaces of the aircraft, and the captain's failure to reject the takeoff during the early stage, when his attention was called to anomalous engine instrument readings, were also erroneous. Around 4:20 pm[9] EST, Eagle 1, a United States Park Police Bell 206L-1 Long Ranger helicopter, based at the "Eagles Nest" at Anacostia Park in Washington, arrived and began attempting to airlift the survivors to shore. Elementary School was dedicated in his hometown of Mattoon in Coles County, Illinois. I can't help it," Priscilla Tirado, 27, whose dramatic rescue from the ice-choked Potomac River was recorded by television, said Tuesday after she was arrested. Beirne Keefer of Clearwater was waiting at Tampa International Airport for his daughter and her family when he learned of the crash. Four passengers and one flight attendant were rescued; four motorists on the bridge were killed. A sixth person initially survived the crash but, according to U.S. Park Police helicopter rescuers, refused their lifeline, indicating it should go to the others. The operator had no means to determine if the proportioning valves were operating properly because no "mix monitor" was installed on the nozzle. He went to work for ComDial in Charlottesville, Va., but eventually moved to the West Coast, working at tech firms until the late 1990s. For roughly 30 to 90 seconds, the crew attempted to back away from the gate using the reverse thrust of the engines (a powerback), which proved futile. The National Transportation Safety Board report later noted that the cabin separated from the cockpit and broke into three large sections and many smaller pieces. None of the cabin floor remained intact; most seats were extensively damaged and separated from the floor. WASHINGTON D.C. - NOVEMBER 15: (NO U.S. TABLOID SALES) Air Florida Flight 90 survivors Priscilla Tirado(L) and Lenny Skutnik(R) pose for a photo on November 15, 1982 in Washington, DC. Arland D. Williams, Jr. also received the award posthumously. . A few times, if I was lucky, I could catch a plane roaring right over me, headed either to some unknown destination in the clouds or coming in for a landing at National Airport. Subsequent testing of the deicing truck showed, "the mixture dispensed differed substantially from the mixture selected" (18% actual vs. 30% selected). "I had a good life with Jose. Passenger Bert Hamilton, who was floating in the water nearby, was the first to be pulled from the water. Chester captured Lenny Skutnik's memorable plunge to pull Priscilla Tirado from the icy water. Thirty-seven years earlier, on another frigid Jan. 13, a similar storm poundedthe D.C. areaand led to one of the most hauntingtragedies in the city's history: the crash of Air Florida Flight 90 into the icy depths of the Potomac River. More:Fierce winter storm slams East with ice, snow; more could be coming, More:Sunday snow: More than 785 flights canceled; airlines waive fees. The engines' anti-ice heaters were not engaged during ground operation and takeoff. In 1985, the 14th Street Bridge was renamed the Arland D. Williams Jr. Memorial Bridge in his honor. Priscilla Tirado works with homeless animals to cushion the loss of her husband and infant son. Someone had backed up their jeep and we picked him up and put him in there. On two occasions, the crew recalled last night, he handed away a lifeline from the hovering machine that could have dragged him to safety. Seventy-eight passengers, motorists and crew members died. The 14th Street Bridge was renamed in his honor in 1985. a Capitol Hill errand-runner, pulled off his cowboy boots, dove in, swam to survivor Priscilla Tirado and tugged her back to the shore. Stiley slipped the line around his waist and grabbed Priscilla Tirado, who was hysterical, having lost her husband and baby. Sometimes my mind works in weird ways. They had been stuck on the plane for close to two hours. https://www.sunshineskies.com/airflorida.html, https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/AAR8208.pdf, https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=125881, https://www.nytimes.com/2002/08/04/magazine/afterward.html, https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/capital-weather-gang/post/the-weather-during-the-titanic-disaster-looking-back-100-years/2012/04/11/gIQAAv6SAT_blog.html. The cable network provided live images of survivors struggling in the water as viewers at home watched and waited for what they knew would be a devastating death toll. A passenger changed jobs and now divides his time among Mexico, Washington state and Montana. The helicopter returned to the aircraft's tail, and this time Arland D. Williams Jr. (sometimes referred to as "the sixth passenger") caught the line. Though it was once a robust airline, flying to 30 cities through Florida, the Northeast, and the Caribbean, the company filed for bankruptcy and grounded its fleet in July 1984. [4]:61. As passengers screamed, the rear of the aircraft struck a guardrail and several cars on the bridge. Stiley suffered hypothermia, a broken arm, leg, a skull fracture, broken jaw and spinal injuries. And forgive us our debts, as we also have forgiven our debtors. "I remember thinking to myself at the time: I wonder what I'll be doing 10 years from now," she said. "You've got to go out and do it," he said. Air Florida Flight 90 was a scheduled U.S. domestic passenger flight operated by Air Florida from Washington National Airport (now Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport) to Fort LauderdaleHollywood International Airport, with an intermediate stopover at Tampa International Airport. [23], Roger Olian, Lenny Skutnik, Donald Usher, and Melvin Windsor each received the Carnegie Hero Fund Medal. The pilot was told not to delay because another aircraft was 2.5 miles (4km) out on final approach to the same runway. Keep supporting great journalism by turning off your ad blocker. Listen to Its Engine", Executive Summary - NTSB Report AAR-82/08 Air Florida, Inc., Boeing 737-222, N62AF, Collision with 14th Street Bridge near Washington National Airport Washington, D.C. January 13, 1982, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_Florida_Flight_90&oldid=1142355194, Crashed shortly after take off due to lack of. Though all of this, I cant help but wonder what the 79 passengers aboard were thinking. That afternoon, the plane was to return to Fort LauderdaleHollywood International Airport in Dania, Florida, with an intermediate stop at Tampa International Airport. And they did not abort the takeoff despite signs of trouble, the safety board said. The first flight was nerve-wracking, but she found solace in religion. Felch was lifted out of the water from rescue personnel aboard the helicopter. 'He couldn't comprehend that fact that here he was a foreigner who's only been here a month and already he was at the vice president's house,' Keefer said. Joseph Stiley breaks into tears spontaneously. The early rush hour also meant that trains on the Washington Metro were full when just 30 minutes after Flight 90 crashed, the Metro suffered its first fatal crash, at Federal Triangle station. . Arland Williams was one of six aboard the aircraft who initially survived. Air Florida Flight 90 in DC had a significant impact on regional cooperation and crew resource management", "WTOP-TV The One & Only Channel 9's History", "Video: 1982 report on Air Florida crash", "Air Florida Flight 90 Crash: 30th Anniversary | wusa9.com", "Stern on Stern: 'I Had a Lot of Rage, and I Was Going to Let It Out. Minutes later, they were shooting video footage of the crash scene, showing wreckage and survivors in the water, along with the arrival of first responders. the small crash was probably eclipsed by the Air Florida one. This meant that Washington's nearest airport, one of its main bridges in or out of the city and one of its busiest subway lines were all closed simultaneously, paralyzing the entire metropolitan area. It turns out, there was a pretty notable accident at National Airport in 1982: the crash of Air Florida Flight 90. (Photo by David Hume Kennerly/Getty Images) Embed PURCHASE A LICENSE Marilyn Nichols, a stewardess, has just learned she is pregnant. Williams again caught one of the lines, and again passed it on, this time to Joe Stiley, the most severely injured survivor. Priscilla Tirado was too weak to grab the line when the helicopter dropped the line to her again. The alarm would blare incessantly at 5 am, and I would reach over in a blind haze to hit snooze just to get a couple of precious seconds of extra sleep. It was being deiced with a film crew outside filming us. Thus, there was a massive backup of traffic on almost all of the city's roads, making it very difficult for ambulances to reach the crash site. One of my favorite parts of the metro ride is crossing the bridge into the city. That don't seem right, does it? Air Florida Flight 90 was a scheduled U.S. domestic passenger flight from Washington National Airport to Fort Lauderdale - Hollywood International Airport with an intermediate stopover at Tampa International Airport. Notably, The Washington Post published a story about the then-unidentified survivor of the crash, Arland D. Williams Jr., who had handed the lifeline to others and drowned before he could be rescued: He was about 50 years old, one of half a dozen survivors clinging to twisted wreckage bobbing in the icy Potomac when the first helicopter arrived. Stiley, a pilot himself, said he realized that something was wrong as the plane headed down the runway. Boards are the best place to save images and video clips. Thank you for writing about this tragedy. [10] The helicopter then proceeded to where Felch had fallen, and paramedic Gene Windsor stepped out onto the helicopter skid and grabbed her by the clothing to lift her onto the skid with him, bringing her to shore. Aug. 5, 2002 -- It's been more than 20 years since Air Florida Flight 90 took off from National Airport and crashed onto a bridge in downtown Washington, then plunged into the icy waters of the Potomac River. Multiple attempts to throw a makeshift lifeline (made out of belts and any other things available that could be tied together) out to the survivors proved ineffective. The flight has also been shown on the show When Weather Changed History on US-based The Weather Channel. On Jan. 13, 1982, Tirado was pulled from the Potomac River after Air Florida Flight 90 crashed in a snowstorm. "There are so many things that trigger emotional reactions years later," said survivor Patricia "Nikki" Felch, 38, of Fairfax County. Today Duncan, 43, is a preschool teacher at a Christian school. Im waiting for grandkids., E-bikes are an environmental dream except out in nature, 1 killed when business jet encounters severe turbulence, Sports on TV & radio: Local listings for Seattle games and events, Trump fatigue seeps into right-wing forum that fed MAGA fervor, Doctor: Lesion removed from Biden's chest was cancerous. 15:59:49 CAM-1 Holler if you need the wipers. The crash "was so avoidable," he said. We pulled him back. Organize, control, distribute and measure all of your digital content. Of the motorists on the bridge involved: 4 sustained fatal injuries 1 sustained serious injuries 3 sustained minor injuries Clinging to the tail section of the broken airliner in the ice-choked Potomac River were flight attendant Kelly Duncan and four passengers: Patricia "Nikki" Felch, Joe Stiley, Arland D. Williams Jr. (strapped and tangled . He was the first to jump into the water to attempt to reach the survivors. Skutnik, who still lives in Lorton and has the same job -- Congressional Budget Office messenger -- said he has not changed as a result of the burst of attention and honors a decade ago. Another passenger, Arland D. Williams, Jr., assisted in the rescue of the survivors, but drowned before he could be rescued. Investigators determined that plenty of time and space on the runway remained for the captain to have abandoned the takeoff, and criticized his refusal to listen to his first officer, who was correct that the instrument panel readings were wrong. TAMPA, Fla. -- Priscilla Tirado, 22, one of the survivors of the Air Florida plane crash in Washington Wednesday, had. Ambulances attempting to reach the scene were even driven down the sidewalk in front of the White House. "[27], The Discovery Channel Canada/National Geographic TV series Mayday (also called Air Crash Investigation or Air Emergency) dramatized the accident in an episode titled "Disaster on the Potomac" (aired in some countries as "Tragedy on the Potomac"). This action, which went specifically against flight-manual recommendations for an icing situation, actually contributed to icing on the 737. It was sold to Air Florida in 1980. "I don't anymore.". Two of the biggest changes were I got to the Best Coast and Im doing work that is fresh and new and exciting for me, Stiley said. John Goldsmith, an off-beat reporter for WDVM-TV (now WUSA),[13] happened to be at National Airport prior to the incident doing a story on the snowstorm, and even caught footage of Flight 90 prior to takeoff. It was a pre-digital, pre-cable universe on that bleakWednesday afternoon in 1982. By the way, this is actually the 2nd crash at National. In 2003, the new Arland D. Williams Jr. He and his assistant, Patricia Felch, were aboard Flight 90 when it crashed. A voice recorder captured the final moments before the plane crashed on Jan. 13, 1982. 'After he had been here a month Jose called me,' Keefer recalled today. ', "Mattoon school honors hero: Arland D. Williams sacrificed himself to save others after 1982 plane crash", "Three decades of 'Skutniks' began with a federal employee", "Search Awardees, Carnegie Hero Award (year: 1982 act performed: water w/ice (Olian), exposure to natural elements (Skutnik, Usher, Windsor)", "A Crash's Improbable Impact: '82 Air Florida Tragedy Led To Broad Safety Reforms", Air Florida disaster still chilling 27 years later, "Anatomy of a Stroke: The Case of Eli Timoner", "Last Man in the Water: Story and Lyrics", AirDisaster.Com Special Report: Air Florida Flight 90, Roads to the Future website - 14th Street Bridge, the Air Florida Crash, and Subway Disaster, Cockpit voice recording transcript for the crash of Air Florida Flight 90, "The 30th anniversary of the Air Florida plane crash", "Why Did This Flight Crash? National Transportation Safety Board, Aircraft Accident Report: Air Florida, Inc. Boeing 737-222, N62AF, Collision with 14th Street Bridge, Near Washington National Airport, Washington, D.C., January 13, 1982, National Transportation Safety Board Aviation Accident Report, accessed August 29, 2020. Tirado said she spent Monday night and Tuesday morning trying not to relive the crash and its aftermath. People stared, and someone had filled his job. Airplane survivor Priscilla Tirado, a 22-year-old American who lives in Spain, was visited by her father at the Arlington hospital yesterday and told that her husband and her2-month-old son had . Charles "Charlie" Pereira, a photographer with the United States Park Police, was in the Chief's office when the call came in that Air Florida Flight 90 had crashed. ", "Everything that was normal before . From the very first I felt confident that I could trust the great, friendly public. Replied pilot Larry Wheaton: "I know it.". Air Florida Flight 90 Survivors WASHINGTON D.C. - NOVEMBER 15: (NO U.S. TABLOID SALES) Air Florida Flight 90 survivors Priscilla Tirado (L) and Lenny Skutnik (R) pose for a photo on November 15, 1982 in Washington, DC. Air Florida, Sunshine Skies, accessed August 29, 2020. During his long convalescence, Stiley reexamined his life goals and forged much closer bonds with his parents, who for a year and a half nursed him at their home in Idaho. The aircraft, a Boeing 737-200, was loaded with 74 passengers, including three infants and five crew. At first, "I felt guilty for surviving," said Moore, who lives in Miami. Instead of wrapping it around himself, however, he passed it to flight attendant Kelly Duncan. Initially, there was a sixth survivor that day46 year old Arland D. Williams Jr. Williams was trapped in his seat in the partially submerged rear section of the plane by a jammed seat belt. Though the helicopters lifeline came to him several times, he passed it to other survivors. The repaired span of the 14th Street Bridge complex over the Potomac River at the crash site, then named the Rochambeau Bridge, was renamed the Arland D. Williams Jr. Memorial Bridge in his honor. I never knew that it actually had a name until nowor that it was named after an incredible man who gave his life so selflessly only a few feet from where thousands of commuters cross into DC every day. CLEARWATER, FLA., JAN. 14 -- A woman who survived the 1982 Air Florida crash in the District of Columbia that claimed her husband and infant son was arrested on alcohol and drug charges on the fifth anniversary of that tragedy. "I wasn't looking for publicity," he said in a recent interview. Stiley, a father of six, has eight grandchildren and three great-grandchildren, one of whom recently started kindergarten. While running through the takeoff checklist, the following conversation snippet took place (CAM-1 is the captain, CAM-2 is the first officer): Despite the icing conditions with weather temperature of about 24F (-4C), the crew failed to activate the engine anti-ice systems,[6] which caused the engine pressure ratio (EPR) thrust indicators to provide false readings. However, he was gone. And Tirado, whom her father described as "a very private person," has found emotional release by working on a novel based on a plane crash and by volunteering at a local animal shelter. Only five people on the flight survived. The planes dip so low when they descend, and climb so steeply when they ascend. It is imperative that the trains run on schedule.Friedrich Drrenmatt (19211990), Perhaps nothing in all my business has helped me more than faith in my fellow man. A vibrating elevator can unnerve Bert Hamilton. The Metrorail accident near Federal Triangle shortly after the crash killed three people and was attributed to safety procedure violations by the train's operator, a supervisor and control room workers. Both her husband and son died in the crash; Other survivors remember hearing her scream for someone to find her baby as they all flailed in the water. The airport closed from approximately 1 pm to 3 pm, so Flight 90s departure was delayed about 1 hour and 45 minutes. I remember a lot of other things related to the Air Florida crash, but I dont know how much of that was because of the coverage.. ", Tirado "is doing very well" under the circumstances, her father said. Exploring the strange and unusual in Northern Virginia, on Im Not Really Ready to Die: The Air Florida 90 Crash of 1982, Arresting Great Value James Bond: The Aldrich Ames House. [30] Timoner retired the following year and was replaced by Donald Lloyd-Jones. Then, the lifeline saved a woman who was trying to swim away from the sinking wreckage, and the helicopter pilot, Donald W. Usher, returned to the scene, but the man was gone. According to a New York Times Magazine article, After hours of delays, when the plane was finally ready to push off, she took her seat, as required, at the back of the plane . ", "It's too real to ever forget," agreed Kelly Moore, who was then Kelly Duncan and was working as an Air Florida flight attendant. The aircraft was powered by two Pratt & Whitney JT8D-9A turbofan engines, and had flown over 27,000 hours before the crash. Though the outside temperature was well below freezing and snow was falling, the crew did not activate the engine anti-ice system. Roger Olian and Lenny Skutnik, who were watching from the Virginia shore, braved death by hypothermia to try to save lives. Im a commuter. 16:00:10 CAM-2 Naw, I don't think that's right. [4]:1011 On April 24, 1981, he received an unsatisfactory grade on a company recurrent proficiency check when he showed deficiencies in memory items, knowledge of aircraft systems, and aircraft limitations. The pilots failed to switch on the engines' internal ice protection systems, used reverse thrust in a snowstorm prior to takeoff, tried to use the jet exhaust of a plane in front of them to melt their ice, and failed to abandon the takeoff even after detecting a power problem while taxiing and having ice and snow build up on the wings. TAMPA, Fla. -- Priscilla Tirado, 22, one of the survivors of the Air Florida plane crash in Washington Wednesday, had returned to this country in October from Madrid, Spain, with her 26-year-old immigrant husband, Jose. All anyone could do was tell the survivors was to hold on not to give up hope. i left the next day from dca on the same type of plane. Duncan inflated the only flotation device they could find, and passed it to the severely injured Felch. The film introduces the people whose lives will, on January 13, 1982, intersect on Air Florida Flight 90 from Washington, D.C. to Fort Lauderdale, Florida. They set throttle power too low because they had failed to turn on an engine-warming device. Williams' mother, Virginia, wrote to President Ronald Reagan, asking that her son be named as the hero. At this point, flight controllers were aware only that the plane had disappeared from radar and did not respond to radio calls, but had no idea of either what had happened or the plane's location. He left within two weeks. A lot of people were going to lose their jobs, Stiley said. "This is always a bad day. Just five people escaped. "I really feel that my life has been blessed.". One pilot is designated the pilot flying (PF) and the other as pilot not flying (PNF); however, the PIC retains the ultimate authority for all aircraft operations and safety. The first member of the news media to arrive was Chester Panzer of WRC-TV. It was really through him I had heard we crashed into a bridge.". The survivors were rescued from the icy river by civilians and professionals. Fort LauderdaleHollywood International Airport, Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Air Florida, Inc., Boeing 737-222, N62AF, Collision with 14th Street Bridge near Washington National Airport, Washington, D.C., January 13, 1982", "AirDisaster.Com: Special Report: Air Florida Flight 90", "Air Florida disaster still chilling 27 years later", "Emergency Services Reacted Quickly to Jetliner's Crash", "A look back to another river crash. More than a year after the crash, Williams was honored in an Oval Office ceremony. I didnt come across any mentions of it in the articles I found, but now youve piqued my curiosity. Cookie. He spends about two of every six weeks there and considers it his home. Below-freezing waters and heavy ice made swimming out to them all but impossible. [4]:3840 The first officer was on the controls as the PF during the Air Florida Flight 90 accident. At 22, she had been a self-described party girl. As the helicopter pulled the three through the water and blocks of ice toward shore, both Tirado and Felch lost their grip and fell back into the water. She was the only crew member to have survived. The smell of jet fuel was everywhere, and you could smell it on your clothes. A sixth person, possibly Atlanta bank examiner Arland Williams, also was seen in the water, but later disappeared from view. Military personnel from the Pentagon raced to the scene to help in rescues. Another survivor, Priscilla Tirado, moved to Florida and has been reluctant to talk about the crash. According to the coroner, Williams was the only passenger to die by drowning. I dont know how people could go through something like this without faith, she said. His leadership style was described as similar to those of other pilots. . Although the 737 did manage to become airborne, it attained a maximum altitude of just 352ft (107m) before it began losing altitude. Skutnik grabbed survivor Priscilla Tirado who had been brought close to the shore by the . To me, that bridge was always the 14th Street Bridge. She was the lone crew member to survive. But Williams would drown after dramaticallypassingthehelicopter rescue ropeto others. He was real good for me.". Eventually, a tug ground unit properly equipped with snow chains was used to push the aircraft back from the gate. [4]:55. [4]:20. After leaving the gate, the aircraft waited in a taxi line with many other aircraft for 49 minutes before reaching the takeoff runway. His work earned him 1983 Pulitzer Prize finalist honors for spot news photography. "I wanted out in the worst way.". Millions of high-quality images, video, and music options are waiting for you. Lennie Skutnik jumped into the freezing water to pull her to shore as. The inaccurate mixture was the result of the replacement of the standard nozzle, "which is specially modified and calibrated, with a non-modified, commercially available nozzle." Flight attendant Kelly Duncan, the only crew members to survive, said the crash seemed unreal. At least the next time I commute into the city I can reflect on his bravery instead of impending disaster. [14] He was first on the air with the story.[15][16][17]. [7], Adding to the plane's troubles was the pilots' decision to maneuver closely behind a DC-9 that was taxiing just ahead of them prior to takeoff, due to their mistaken belief that the warmth from the DC-9's engines would melt the snow and ice that had accumulated on Flight 90's wings.
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