Another decisive moment in Amad Shahs reign came at the end of the war when he was induced, partly by pecuniary incentives, to give his consent to the conclusion of a treaty, the Anglo-Persian Agreement of 1919, with England. Lord Ironside (ed. In July 1909, constitutional forces marched from Rasht to Tehran led by Mohammad Vali Khan Sepahsalar Khalatbari Tonekaboni, deposed the Shah, and re-established the constitution. The young princes parents, about to go into exile abroad, were reluctant to part with him; but a constitutional crisis was avoided when they were persuaded to surrender the boy-king to a delegation of constitutionalists (E. G. Browne, The Persian Revolution of 1905-1909, Cambridge, 1910, p. 326). The Georgians, hopelessly outnumbered, were eventually defeated despite stiff resistance. Tribes and Empire on the Margins of Nineteenth-Century Iran. Britain also sent sepoys to reinforce the Brigade. They had four children: Touradj Panahi, Shahla Panahi, Malek Iradj Panahi, Shirine Panahi, all residing in Europe today. A. Ahmad Shah Qajar and his Cabinet; Ahmad Shah Qajar and his Cabinet. Modern scholars of character and integrity, such as ok-al-molk For, ok-al-dawla affr and Kaml-al-molk were named to replace the departing teaching staff. The British-commanded South Persia Rifles were in the south, the Dunsterforce (later known as the North Persia Force, or Norperforce) occupied the Qar-e rn-Kermnh-Hamdn-Qazvn line, and other British contingents were based in Mahad. Mozaffar-e-din Shah's son Mohammad Ali Shah (reigned 19071909), who, through his mother, was also the grandson of Prime-Minister Amir Kabir (see before), with the aid of Russia, attempted to rescind the constitution and abolish parliamentary government. The Persian army marched back laden with spoil and carrying off many thousands of captives.[39][41][42]. Solidly Persian-speaking territories of Iran were lost, with all its inhabitants in it. In return, Re Khan agreed to facilitate the shahs immediate departure for Europe. [28] Among these Turkic tribes, however, Turkmens of Iran played the most prominent role in bringing Qajars to power. In April, in a wire to the Majlis, he expressed his lack of confidence in Re Khan (although he subsequently approved his reappointment as prime minister). M. J. Sheikh-ol-Islami, AMAD SHAH QJR, Encyclopdia Iranica, I/6, pp. [85] Although the constitutional forces had triumphed, they faced serious difficulties. Re Khan shortly thereafter invaded Gln and defeated Mrz Kek Khans forces. Stripped of all his remaining powers, Ahmad Shah went into exile with his family in 1923. The assemblys resolutions stipulated that no member of the Qajar family could ever accede to the throne. "Ardabil Becomes a Province: Center-Periphery Relations in Iran", H. E. Chehabi, K. M. Rhrborn. With the death of Mohammad Shah in 1848, Mirza Taqi was largely responsible for ensuring the crown prince's succession to the throne. M. Hedyat, ert o aart, Tehran, 1330 ./1951. [29] In 1779 following the death of Karim Khan of the Zand dynasty, Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar, the leader of the Qajars, set out to reunify Iran. Soltan Ahmad Shah is ten or eleven years old here. [16] As the Cambridge History of Iran notes; "Russia's client, Georgia, had been punished, and Russia's prestige, damaged." 113, No. [21]:20,74 Ever since the 1828 Treaty of Turkmanchay, Russia had received territorial domination in Iran. In a few hours, the Iranian king Agha Mohammad Khan was in full control of the Georgian capital. Matters came to a head when Morgan Shuster, a United States administrator hired as treasurer-general by the Persian government to reform its finances, sought to collect taxes from powerful officials who were Russian protgs and to send members of the treasury gendarmerie, a tax department police force, into the Russian zone. [35] Unlike Peter the Great, Catherine the Great, the then-ruling monarch of Russia, viewed Georgia as a pivot for her Caucasian policy, as Russia's new aspirations were to use it as a base of operations against both Iran and the Ottoman Empire,[36] both immediate bordering geopolitical rivals of Russia. During Nasser-e-Din Shah's reign, Western science, technology, and educational methods were introduced into Persia and the country's modernization was begun. He continued to press Norman, the British minister in Tehran, to acquiesce to his departure for Europe, ostensibly for reasons of health. On July 16, 1909, Mohammad Ali Shah was overthrown by rebels seeking to restore the 1906 Constitution . On top of that, having another port on the Georgian coast of the Black Sea would be ideal. The deposed shah subsequently took up permanent residence in France. The death of Mohammad- Ali Shah Qajar (b. Due to his young age, his uncle, Ali-Reza Khan, took charge of his affairs as Regent. The memory of this vengeful ruler is universally execrated; yet he did keep Persia intact at a time of struggle. Ahmad Shah Qajar (Persian: ; 21 January 1898 - 21 February 1930) was Shah of Iran from 16 July 1909 to 15 December 1925, and the last ruling member of the Qajar dynasty.. Ahmad Shah was born in Tabriz on 21 January 1898 and ascended to the throne at the age of 12 after the removal of his father Mohammad-Ali Shah by the Parliament on 16 July 1909. Princess Homayoundokht resides in France. It ended even more disastrously for Qajar Iran with temporary occupation of Tabriz and the signing of the Treaty of Turkmenchay in 1828, acknowledging Russian sovereignty over the entire South Caucasus and Dagestan, as well as therefore the ceding of what is nowadays Armenia and the remaining part of Republic of Azerbaijan;[18] the new border between neighboring Russia and Iran were set at the Aras River. Reza Khan was subsequently proclaimed monarch as Reza Shah Pahlavi, reigning from 1925 to 1941. This is a rare picture of Soltan Ahmad Shah at 13. He appears also to have remained in touch with the powerful Shaikh aal and to have encouraged his rebellion against the central government. (Optional) Enter email address if you would like feedback about your tag. Y. Dawlatbd, ayt-e Yay III, Tehran, 1321 ./1942. His son and successor, Ahmad Shah Qajar was the last sovereign of the Qajar dynasty. . Hence Merv, Sarakhs, Eshgh Abad, and the surrounding areas were transferred to Russian control under the command of General Alexander Komarov in 1884.[61]. The coup of 1921 rendered Ahmad Shah politically weaker and less relevant. Amad Shah at first appeared inclined to join them and to transfer his capital farther south; but he was dissuaded from doing so by the British and Russian ministers in Tehran. To prevent this, on 20 December, Bakhtiari chiefs and their troops surrounded the Majles building, forced acceptance of the Russian ultimatum, and shut down the assembly, once again suspending the constitution. Following the official losing of the aforementioned vast territories in the Caucasus, major demographic shifts were bound to take place. The Qajars were a Turkmen tribe that held ancestral lands in present-day Azerbaijan, which then was part of Iran.In 1779, following the death of Mohammad Karim Khan Zand, the Zand Dynasty ruler of southern Iran, Agha Mohammad Khan, a leader of the Qajar tribe, set out to reunify Iran. [4] He was son of Khujista Akhtar, the fourth son of Bahadur Shah I. Photograph shows Ahmad Shah Qajar (1898-1930), who was Shah of Iran from 1909 to 1925 and was the last leader of the Qajar . [33] It was therefore natural for Agha Mohammad Khan to perform whatever necessary means in the Caucasus in order to subdue and reincorporate the recently lost regions following Nader Shah's death and the demise of the Zands, including putting down what in Iranian eyes was seen as treason on the part of the vali of Georgia. In October, an elected assembly convened and drew up a constitution that provided for strict limitations on royal power, an elected parliament, or Majles, with wide powers to represent the people and a government with a cabinet subject to confirmation by the Majles. However, he did not do so; and Re Khan was now too powerful and the shah too discredited for the movement to depose the Qajars to be reversed. W. E. R. Dickson, East Persia: A Backwater of the Great War, London, 1924. [83] Mozaffar-e-din Shah was a moderate, but relatively ineffective ruler. At the close of the fourteenth century, after Timur's campaigns, Islam had become the dominant faith, and Armenians became a minority in Eastern Armenia. During the coup, Reza Khan used three thousand men and only eighteen machine guns, a very bloodless coup that moved forward quickly. "Qajar" redirects here. 437-439 Abdul-Aziz Movahed Nasaj and Sajjad Farmohmedy, 2015 438. D. Wright, The English Amongst the Persians, London, 1977, pp. According to French newspaper reports at the time, he left behind a considerable fortune, estimated at 75 million francs. 657-660. gh Moammad Khn, (born 1742, Gorgn, Irandied 1797, near Shusha), founder and first ruler of the Qjr dynasty of Iran. He founded the Pahlavi dynasty, after ending the century-old Qajar dynasty, and subsequently introduced and implemented steps to improve the prevailing social, economic and political conditions in Iran. [9], "Like virtually every dynasty that ruled Persia since the 11th century, the Qajars came to power with the backing of Turkic tribal forces, while using educated Persians in their bureaucracy". The city had been part of Persia in Safavid times, but Herat had been under the non-Persian rule since the mid18th century. Ahmad Shah Qajar (Persian: ; 21 January 1898 21 February 1930) was Shah of Persia (Iran) from 16 July 1909 to 15 December 1925, and the last ruling member of the Qajar dynasty.[1]. [51][52] This sparked the final bout of hostilities between the two; the Russo-Persian War of 18261828. The assembly adjourned without reaching a decision, and Re Khan soon thereafter journeyed to Qom, where he conferred with the powerful religious leaders. G. Waterfield, Professional Diplomat, Sir Percy Loraine, London, 1973. [16], In the Caucasus, the Qajar dynasty permanently lost much territory[17] to the Russian Empire over the course of the 19th century, comprising modern-day eastern Georgia, Dagestan, Azerbaijan, and Armenia. 4. For other uses, see. Ahmad Shah Qajar. (XIX . His grandson Mohammad Shah, who fell under the Russian influence and made two unsuccessful attempts to capture Herat, succeeded him in 1834. The coup of 1921 rendered Ahmad Shah politically weaker and less relevant. Home; Categories. at Neuilly-sur-Seine, outside Paris, France, and was buried in his family crypt in Karbala, Iraq. "However the result of the Treaty of Turkmenchay was a tragedy for the Azerbaijani people. When Aod-al-molk died on 22 September 1910, he was replaced as regent by Abul-Qsem Ner-al-molk, an Oxonian who counted among his contemporaries at Oxford Lord Curzon and Sir Edward Grey, both destined to become British foreign secretaries in the next decade. Provinzen und Zentralgewalt Persiens im 16. und 17. On 16 July 1909, Mohammad Ali Shah was overthrown by rebels seeking to restore the 1906 Constitution. Many of these migrants would prove to play a pivotal role in further Iranian history, as they formed most of the ranks of the Persian Cossack Brigade, which was also to be established in the late 19th century. Amad Shahs position was considerably affected when on 21 February 1921exactly 40 days before the British troops were to begin their evacuation of Irana division of the Persian Cossack brigade under the command of Re Khan marched from Qazvn to Tehran and occupied the capital. Exile. Due to his young age, his uncle, Ali-Reza Khan, took charge of his affairs as Regent. [82]:20 In 1907 the British and Russian Empires partitioned Iran into spheres of influence with the Anglo-Russian Convention. There were Bahai revolts and a revolt in Khurasan at the time but were crushed under Amir Kabir. [4] His brother, former crown prince Mohammad Hassan Mirza, assured the continuation of the dynasty through his descendants. [72][73] After the Russian administration took hold of Iranian Armenia, the ethnic make-up shifted, and thus for the first time in more than four centuries, ethnic Armenians started to form a majority once again in one part of historic Armenia. The rebels then convened the Grand Majles of 500 delegates from different backgrounds, which placed Ahmad Shah, Mohammad Ali's eleven-year-old son, on the Sun Throne. By the late 19th century, many Persians believed that their rulers were beholden to foreign interests. [89] Due to the latter reason, as Prof. Dr. Touraj Atabaki states, declaring neutrality was useless, especially as Iran had no force to implement this policy. The newly born Soviet Union responded by annexing portions of northern Persia as buffer states much like its Tsarist predecessor. Popular demand to curb arbitrary royal authority in favor of the rule of law increased as concern regarding growing foreign penetration and influence heightened. Uncles, aunts, cousins, had unhampered access to Amad Shah. But the constitutionalists were shrewd enough to foresee that complications might arise under Article 7 of the Treaty of Torkamy of 1828, by which the Russian government recognized the succession to the throne to lie in the direct male heirs of Abbs Mrz, son and heir-apparent to Fat-Al Shah. The Qajar Iran would become a victim of the Great Game between Russia and Britain for influence over central Asia. Fath Ali Khan's son Mohammad Hasan Khan Qajar (17221758) was the father of Mohammad Khan Qajar and Hossein Qoli Khan (Jahansouz Shah), father of "Baba Khan," the future Fath-Ali Shah Qajar. He hired French and Russian instructors as well as Persians to teach subjects as different as Language, Medicine, Law, Geography, History, Economics, and Engineering, amongst numerous others. 657-660; an updated version is available online at http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ahmad-shah-qajar-1909-1925-the-seventh-and-last-ruler-of-the-qajar-dynasty (accessed on 19 March 2014). He reestablished Persian control over the territories in the entire Caucasus. The British Ambassador, George Head Barclay reported disapproval of this "reign of terror", though would soon pressure Persian ministers to officialize the Anglo-Russian partition of Iran. Russian and British troops fought against the Ottoman Empire forces in Persia during World War I. In March, 1924, he wired Re Khan instructing him to suppress the republican movement. The British had already decided on a withdrawal from Iran; and the date for Russian troop withdrawal was set for 1 April 1921. [20][78] The Persian monarchy became more of a symbolic concept in which Russian diplomats were themselves powerbrokers in Iran and the monarchy was dependent on British and Russian loans for funds. The Russians had always interpreted this article to imply that while individual rulers could be removed from the throne, the continuity of the dynasty itself must not be affected. Muhammad Shah. The Ottomans, Iran's neighboring rival, recognized the latter's rights over Kartli and Kakheti for the first time in four centuries. Erekle had managed to mobilize some 5,000 troops, including some 2,000 from neighboring Imereti under its King Solomon II. [45] The next two years were a time of muddle and confusion, and the weakened and devastated Georgian kingdom, with its capital half in ruins, was easily absorbed by Russia in 1801. [18] Despite its territorial losses, Qajar Iran reinvented the Iranian notion of kingship[19] and maintained relative political independence, but faced major challenges to its sovereignty, predominantly from the Russian and British empires. Date of death: 21 February 1930 Neuilly-sur-Seine: Place of burial: Karbala; Country of citizenship: Iran; Occupation: politician; Position held: Shah (1909-1925) Noble title: Shah; . IN IRAN Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green Fulfillment. Battle of Ganja, 1826. I: Enqer-e salanat-e Qrya, Tehran, 1323 ./1944, p. 39). With the shahs departure, an extensive campaign, encouraged by Re Khan, was initiated in favor of the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of a republic on the model of neighboring Turkey. Shah of Iran from July 16, 1909 to December 15, 1925, and the last ruling member of the Qajar dynasty. Consequently, at a reception held in his honor in London, he intentionally refrained from including in his official speech any reference which could have been construed as an endorsement of the Anglo-Persian Agreement. [clarification needed] Furthermore, under the Anglo-Persian Agreement, Persia received only a small fraction of the income generated by the Anglo-Persian Oil Company. These migrations once again, towards Iran, included masses of Caucasian Azerbaijanis, other Transcaucasian Muslims, as well as many North Caucasian Muslims, such as Circassians, Shia Lezgins and Laks. M. Malekzda, Tr-eenqelb-e maryat-e rn IV, Tehran, 1331 ./1952. Government expenditure was slashed, and a distinction was made between the private and public purses. [99][100], By the 1910s, the Qajar Iran was decentralised to the extent that foreign powers sought to bolster the central authority of the Qajars by providing military aid. Dar-ol-Fonoon was established for training a new cadre of administrators and acquainting them with Western techniques. Scroll. [20][79], Irregular forces, such as tribal cavalry, were a major element until the late nineteenth century, and irregular forces long remained a significant part of the Qajar army. He was killed on the orders of Shah Nader Shah in 1726. Upon reaching his majority Ahmad Shah was formally crowned on 21 July 1914. In 1796, Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar seized Mashhad with ease,[15] putting an end to the Afsharid dynasty. [69] They abolished class representation and created five new seats in the Majlis for minorities: two seats for Armenians, and one seat each for Jews, Zoroastrians, and Assyrians. The Moderates and Democrats often clashed, particularly when it came to minority rights and secularism. His thoughts and deeds were centered on one single object: to save himself and his fortune before Tehran fell to the Bolsheviks, whose advance on the capital seemed imminent. [20][79] By the 1890s, Russian tutors, doctors and officers were prominent at the Shah's court, influencing policy personally. But his intention to leave the country to its fate and save his own vast fortune at the first convenient opportunity remained unchanged. In addition, the ex-shah, with Russian support, attempted to regain his throne, landing troops in July 1910. On 31 October 1925, the Majlis approved a bill deposing the Qajars and entrusting the provisional government to Re Khan. [69] After centuries of constant warfare on the Armenian Plateau, many Armenians chose to emigrate and settle elsewhere. The shah signed the constitution on 30 December 1906, but refusing to forfeit all of his power to the Majles, attached a caveat that made his signature on all laws required for their enactment. Mostawf, ar-e zendegn-e man y tr-e etem va edr-e Qrya III, 2nd ed., Tehran, 1343 ./1964. Agha Mohammad Khan. The shah was thus forced to remain. /** * Error Protection API: WP_Paused_Extensions_Storage class * * @package * @since 5.2.0 */ /** * Core class used for storing paused extensions. At that time, Persia was nearly bankrupt. Ahmad Shah Qajar (b. January 21, 1898) is the ruler of Persia since 1909 when his father was ousted from power in the Constitutional Revolution and the ruler of Persia during the Weltkrieg. The other side of the story of Soltan Ahmad Shah and the demise of the Qajars is that of foreign power involvement in the affairs of Persia, particularly that of Britain and its designs on Persia as a strategic source of raw materials, especially oil. [66] This brigade would prove decisive in the following decades to come in Qajar history. Within 126 years between the demise of the Safavid state and the rise of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar, the Qajars had evolved from a shepherd-warrior tribe with strongholds in northern Persia into a Persian dynasty with all the trappings of a Perso-Islamic monarchy. In 1779, following the death of Moammad Karm Khn Zand, the Zand dynasty ruler of southern Iran, gh Moammad Khn (reigned 1779-97), a leader of the Turkmen Qjr tribe, set out to reunify Iran. This agreement canceled all previous treaties between the two countries and also gave Persia full and equal shipping rights in the Caspian Sea. [44] Reassessment of Iranian hegemony over Georgia did not last long; in 1799 the Russians marched into Tbilisi, two years after Agha Mohammad Khan's death. [97], The Qajar military was one of the dynasty's largest conventional sources of legitimacy, albeit was increasingly influenced by foreign powers over the course of the dynasty. Jun 2022 24. Amad Shah was to receive a subsidy of 15,000 tomans per month as long as he kept in office his pro-British prime minister, Woq-al-dawla (Documents XIII, p. 518). The Qajar rulers were members of the Karagz or "Black-Eye" sect of the Qajars, who themselves were members of the Qajars (tribe) or "Black Hats" lineage of the Oghuz Turks. Reza Khan induced the Majles to depose Ahmad Shah in October 1925 and to exclude the Qajar dynasty permanently. They threw themselves into the anti-republican campaign and incited the people to invade Bahrestn Square, where the Majlis was on the point of debating the proposed constitutional changes. Fereydoun Mirza, (b. He was buried at the Shrine of Imam Husain, Karbala, Iraq. They eventually partially partitioned Qajar Iran into two influence zones in the 1907 Anglo-Russian Convention.[20][21][22]. He died five days later. m7 bayonet rubber; navien recirculation timer setting; why did heaven's gate kill themselves; electric scooter hire surfers paradise; when was the epic of gilgamesh discovered; During these eventful years, Amad Shah played only a small part in the internal politics of his country, on the whole doing what his counselors (some pro-German, some pro-British, some pro-Russian) advised him to do. [33], The consequences of these events came a few years later when a strong new Iranian dynasty under the Qajars emerged victorious in the protracted power struggle in Persia. The first four years of Amad Shahs direct reign coincided with World War I and the occupation of Iran by various belligerent troops. 1923-d.1977), Soltan Ahmad Shah's son from a non-Qajar wife, married a woman of Bulgarian descent and had three children: Princess Sheylah, Princess Eylah and . [67][68] Until the mid-fourteenth century, Armenians had constituted a majority in Eastern Armenia. 1 negative : glass ; 5 x 7 in. On 28 October 1923, Re Khan induced a reluctant Amad Shah to appoint him prime minister. The repudiation by the U.S. Congress of the Versailles treaty, after it had been signed by President Wilson, also may have created a precedent on which Iran seized (H. Nicolson, Curzon: The Last Phase, 1919-1925, Boston, 1934, pp. On December 12, a special constituent assembly modified articles 36, 37, 38, and 40 of the constitution and by a vote of 257 to 3 conferred the crown on Re Shah and his male heirs. [33][34] In 1783, Erekle II placed his kingdom under the protection of the Russian Empire in the Treaty of Georgievsk. Following the death of Nader Shah in 1747, many tribal chiefs rose in revolt in the hope of taking over the . Oktober 1925. [104], At the end of the Qajar dynasty in 1925, Reza Shah's Pahlavi army would include members of the gendarmerie, Cossacks, and former members of the South Persia Rifles.[100]. Established in France, Amad Shah now became chiefly an observer of the events that took place in Iran, although he attempted, with little success, to influence their course. In 1864 until the early 20th century, another mass expulsion took place of Caucasian Muslims as a result of the Russian victory in the Caucasian War. From Paris Amad Shah sought to turn this agitation to his own advantage. akm-al-molk was charged with purging the court of undesirable elements and did so with considerable vigor and integrity, dismissing numerous unworthy tutors and officials and corrupt courtiers. Royal extravagances coincided with an inadequate ability to secure state revenue which further exacerbated the financial woes of the Qajar. The political history of Iran during the remaining four years of Amad Shahs reign is the story of the struggle for supremacy between a frightened, weak, and pleasure-loving monarch and an astute and powerful minister of war aspiring to the throne. French publications at the time reported that his estate was worth some seventy-five million francs.[5]. [39] Nevertheless, Erekle II still rejected Agha Mohammad Khan's ultimatum. iwi masada aftermarket parts. (Source: Flickr Commons project, 2017) . The weak economic state of Persia put Ahmad Shah and his government at the mercy of foreign influence; they had to obtain loans from the Imperial Bank of Persia. It illustrates how civil strife within the country was as damaging, if not more so, than threats from abroad. 2023 Encyclopdia Iranica Foundation, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Ahmad Shah Qajar (Persian: ; 21 January 1898 - 21 February 1930) was Shah of Persia (Iran) from 16 July 1909 to 15 December 1925, and the last ruling member of the Qajar dynasty.Ahmad Shah was born in Tabriz on 21 January 1898 and ascended to the throne at the age of 12 after the removal of his father . fut Shah d'Iran du 16 juillet 1909 au 31 octobre 1925. [38], With half of the troop's Agha Mohammad Khan crossed the Aras river with, he now marched directly upon Tbilisi, where it commenced into a huge battle between the Iranian and Georgian armies. or smaller. Persian administrators thought the reforms could strengthen the country against foreign influences. [74], Fath Ali Shah's reign saw increased diplomatic contacts with the West and the beginning of intense European diplomatic rivalries over Iran. [76] Foreign interference in Persia's domestic affairs was curtailed, and foreign trade was encouraged. SWEDISH OFFICERS IN PERSIA, 191115", "Imperial Power and Dictatorship: Britain and the Rise of Reza Shah, 19211926", The International Qajar Studies Association, International Institute of Social History, Persian Constitutional Revolution (19051911), 1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election, March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum, December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum, 2009 Iranian presidential election protests, International military intervention against the Islamic State (2014), Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (2015), 20182019 Iranian general strikes and protests, Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Islamic Consultative Assembly (parliament), Industrial Development and Renovation Organization (IDRO), Iran Aviation Industries Organization (IAIO), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qajar_Iran&oldid=1142569060, States and territories established in 1785, States and territories disestablished in 1925, Early Modern history of Georgia (country), Articles containing Persian-language text, Articles with Russian-language sources (ru), Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016, Articles to be expanded from September 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 3 March 2023, at 04:30. He interfered in political appointments that lay outside his jurisdiction; he engaged in corrupt practices that came to be widely known, for example in grain speculation, in order to augment his already considerable fortune; and his avariciousness was noted even by foreign observers, including the British minister to Tehran, who reported in a dispatch that the best way to keep the shah well-disposed towards England was to give him, or obtain for him, as much money as we can for that is what he loves most in the world (Norman to Curzon, 25 June 1920, Documents on British Foreign Policy, first series, XIII, London, 1963, p. 538). With the conclusion of the Akhal Treaty on 21 September 1881, Iran ceased any claim to all parts of Turkestan and Transoxiana, setting the Atrek River as the new boundary with Imperial Russia.
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