New Kingdom, Ramesside, Reign: Our continued interest in the Egyptian obsession with appearance isnt just about vanity, but the innovative leaps they made within the world of beauty. "[29] It is described as the most famous bust of ancient art, comparable only to the mask of Tutankhamun. soft, organic shapes of hills - sharp, geometric angles of pool dazzling blue pool - golden, light value of the tiles Her name in English means the beautiful woman has come. When she and her husband Akhenaten initiated the shift in Egypt's religion, Nefertiti adopted the additional name of Neferneferuaten. Nefertiti bore six daughters within 10 years of her marriage, the elder three being born at Thebes, the younger three at Akhetaton (Amarna). [18] Borchardt showed the Egyptian official a photograph of the bust "that didn't show Nefertiti in her best light". Over the past few decades, German, Egyptian, and American artists, in particular, have pushed matters of race and gender to the forefront of the discourse surrounding Nefertiti, calling on us to consider what it means to co-opt, distort, and reimagine the image of an African queen to whom many feel entitled. A relief of a royal couple in the Amarna style. The name of the king, written hieroglyphically as a catfish and a chisel, is contained within a squared element that represents a palace facade. + Characteristics of the sculptures: + 1. "[15][43] While the bust was under American control, Egypt requested the United States to hand it over; the US refused and advised Egypt to take up the matter with the new German authorities. expressionist Who is shown in this detail of Las Meninas? "This proves that Borchardt wrote this description so that his country can get the statue," Hawass said. the kind and queen of Spain Hieronymus Bosch was a Surrealist painter from the 1920s. In the early 21st century attention has focused on the Younger Lady found in the tomb of Amenhotep II, although it is now accepted that this body is almost certainly too young to be Nefertiti. [16], While Philipp Vandenberg describes the coup as "adventurous and beyond comparison",[17] Time magazine lists it among the "Top 10 Plundered Artifacts". 30.4.142. "[49] Egyptian cultural officials proclaimed it to be a disgrace to "one of the great symbols of their country's history" and banned Wildung and his wife from further exploration in Egypt. Nefertitis parentage is unrecorded, but there is strong circumstantial evidence to suggest that she was the Egyptian-born daughter of the courtier Ay, a maternal uncle of her husband, Akhenaton. Line is an element of art that is used to define space, contours and outlines. A starch-white rendering of the original, the pairs polymer resin bust compellingly straddles the line between blank and vacant; The Other Nefertiti is an unmarked canvas ready for her homecoming. Akhenaten was the head of Egypt's many cults, yet he chose to dedicate his life to one god: an ancient solar deity known simply as the Disk, or the Aten. Nefertiti's other daughter, Ankesenenpaaten became Ankhesanamun after her father's death, reflecting Egypt's return to polytheism. (Ay even became pharaoh himself after King Tut's death in 1323 BCE.) In fact, Nefertiti largely disappeared from the historical record by the 12th year of her husband Akhenatens reign, when she was around 30 years old. Although not pharaoh herself, Nefertiti's name has persisted because written evidence suggests she held a uniquely influential role as wife and queen in the court. Hawass wanted Germany to lend the bust to Egypt in 2012 for the opening of the new Grand Egyptian Museum near the Great Pyramids of Giza. A testament to her staying power in popular culture, Nefertitis likeness continues to be reimagined by contemporary artists around the world. Noteworthy is that Nefertaris husband, Ramesses II, is absent in these scenes, indicating the queen's high status that allowed her to directly interact with the deities without him; such depictions would not be possible for non-royal individuals. A Family Altar From Akhetaten. You must see it. Artist : Unknown ( I personally picture a hipster caveman ) Date: Circa between 24 000 and 22 000 BC. Cambridge, Mass. The limestone sculpture was believed to have been completed by the artist Thutmose in 1345 BCE. Title: Venus of Willendorf, 11cm. [21][23] Zahi Hawass, former Egyptian Minister of State for Antiquities Affairs, suggested that Thutmose created the left eye, but that it was later destroyed. She could apply incense pellets to her underarms as deodorant, and floral-. You cannot describe it with words. "In the middle, this wonder, Nefertiti, will be enthroned," Hitler said. The Nefertiti Bust is a painted stucco-coated limestone bust of Nefertiti, the Great Royal Wife of Egyptian pharaoh Akhenaten. Nefertiti is well-known today for a life-size bust that shows her wearing a crown. Photographed by Greg Kadel, styled by Anya Ziourova, beauty by. They are intelligent and industrious, using their striking appearance and talents to achieve positions of influence: Iman launched a cosmetics label catering to women of colour back in 1994, while the runaway success of Fenty Beauty and Fenty x Puma pay testament to Rihannas entrepreneurial instincts. [3] It has been kept at various locations in Germany since its discovery, including the cellar of a bank, a salt-mine in Merkers-Kieselbach, the Dahlem museum, the Egyptian Museum in Charlottenburg and the Altes Museum. Quantum Nefertiti is composed of evenly spaced sheets of bronze connected to suggest the form of the bust. Bronx-born artist Fred Wilsons 1993 project Grey Area (Brown version) offers five iterations of Nefertitis bust in a spectrum of skin tones. . The wife of the 'heretic' king Akhenaten, Queen Nefertiti is today one of the most iconic of all ancient Egyptians, thanks to her painted bust revealed to the world in 1923. Of course, there is still speculation as to whether Nefertiti was really that beautifulor if she just had a good sculptor. It was found in what had been the workshop of the sculptor Thutmose, along with other unfinished busts of Nefertiti. Although nothing is known of Nefertitis parentage, she did have a younger sister, Mutnodjmet. She lived in a country rich with history and tradition. We do know that Nefertiti had a younger sister named Mutbenret (or Mutnodjemet), who is mentioned in the surviving art of Amarna. It appears Thutmose, according to the queens wishes, underwent an ancient form of Photoshopping, refining her features until the image she wanted to present to the world was realised a vision of beauty so enduring that even in the 21st century, a British woman spent 200,000 trying to reshape herself as the Beauty of the Nile. There are depictions of her playing chess, driving a chariot, and hitting the enemies, which reinforces the fact that Nefertiti stood at almost the same authoritative position as her husband. [12] Another theory suggested that the existing bust was crafted in the 1930s on Hitler's orders and that the original was lost in World War II. A CT scan confirmed Wildung's findings; Thutmose had added gypsum under the cheeks and eyes in an attempt to perfect his sculpture. [3] It is currently on display at the Neues Museum in Berlin, where it was originally displayed before World War II.[3]. Paleonartis Elisabeth Daynes worked for 500 hours reconstructing the face of the "Younger Lady," and Travel Channel host Josh Gates says he's confident she's Nefertiti. Borchardt dug a layer deeper, brushing away some dust to reveal a kohl-rimmed eye staring out at him. The pharaoh Amenhotep IV not only changed his name from Amenhotep to Akhenaten, and the religion of ancient Egypt from polytheistic to monotheistic, but he also challenged the norm of Egyptian . She is portrayed as an iconic woman who is graced with beauty, elegance, wit, power, charm and all other things that many women could only dream of. [29] Gardner's Art Through the Ages and Silverman present a similar view that the bust was deliberately kept unfinished. Paintings show her being worshipped alongside her husband in a way that was unusual for Egyptian queens. There is strong circumstantial evidence, however, to suggest that she was the Egyptian-born daughter of the courtier Ay, brother of Akhenatons mother, Tiy. There are few cultures as fixated with physical appearance as the ancient Egyptians. The plaster slab features imprints of an archetypal Egyptian Pharaoh and fossil-like impressions of the Nefertiti bust alongside doorknocker earringsa staple of African-American urban fashion. But some believe she secretly took her husband's place as pharaoh after he died. As part of the Met's Open Access policy, you can freely copy, modify and distribute this image, even for commercial purposes. Sometime after the short reigns of King Smenkhkare and Neferneferuaten, she was wed to her half-brother Tutankhamun, becoming the Great Royal Wife. The portrait bust of Nefertiti is one of the most famous icons of Ancient Egypt, yet the queen herself is still shrouded in mystery and intrigue. The statue of Queen Nefertiti is one of the most famous examples of ancient art, depicting the image of one of the most beautiful women of antiquity. In reality, the face was to become one of the most memorable images from all of antiquity: a portrait bust of the Queen Nefertiti, who ruled Egypt alongside her husband, Pharaoh Akhenaten. These paintings explode with color, and commingle modern and ancient fashionsoff-the-shoulder tops, sweetheart dresses, and ankh necklacesthat remake Nefertiti and her hallmark crown for a new world. The immense wealth of the Egyptians meant precious stones, today reserved for the most opulent fine jewellery, were regularly crushed and ground as bold, eye-catching pigments. Despite having no sons, the art of Amarna depicts the royal couple as having a strong, loving relationship. The document reveals that Borchardt claimed the bust was made of gypsum to mislead Lefebvre. The Nefertiti bust has become a cultural symbol of Berlin as well as ancient Egypt. Shape Grade Level: K-4 With the flat-cut blue wig, which also has a ribbon wrapped around it halfway up. Up to this point, Egyptian representations of the human body had, over the course of a millennium, changed very little. While we don't have substantial records of all of the princesses, historians know that two of them served as queens of Egypt. 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Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). By tethering together hallmarks of contemporary and ancient aesthetics in plaster, Brown elevates this popular modern accessory by asserting its proximity to ancient Egypt, showing once more that Nefertiti is among the most powerful symbols of the African diaspora. Queen Nefertiti's Husband was Akhenaten. According to The Times, Germany may be concerned that lending the bust to Egypt would mean its permanent departure from Germany. A Contribution to the Study of the Later Years of Nefertiti, Journal of Egyptian History (JEH) 7 (2014), pp. . [12] The pigments used on the bust have been matched to those used by ancient Egyptian artisans. Although Stierlin had argued "Egyptians cut shoulders horizontally" and Nefertiti had vertical shoulders, Hawass said that the new style seen in the bust is part of the changes introduced by Akhenaten, the husband of Nefertiti. This theory is now discredited. In his numerous works featuring Nefertiti, Ethiopian-American artist Awol Erizku argues for Nefertitis utility as a historical reference point for black cultural dominion and extravagance. Charles K. Wilkinson, Period: She wears her own unique headdressa tall, straight-edged, flat-topped blue crown. It was a face so extraordinarily lifelike, he believed for a moment he had uncovered a human body. In works of art Nefertiti is shown in equal status to the king, perhaps functioning as more of a co-ruler, as opposed to the traditional role of queen. [22], Nefertiti has become an icon of Berlin's culture. Date: The German Oriental Company uncovered the bust of Nefertiti on an expedition in Amarna in 1912. Twelve years into the Amarna period, she disappears from the records. Nefertiti (meaning "the beautiful one has come forth") was the 14th-centuryBCE Great Royal Wife (chief consort) of the Egyptian Pharaoh Akhenaten of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt. depicts the royal couple with their three eldest daughters, and was therefore probably made shortly after the move from Thebes to Akhetaten. Work absolutely exceptional. They are the building blocks used to create a work of art. Nefertiti has become one of the most famous women of the ancient world and an icon of feminine . In his fifth regnal year, the pharaoh began his religious movement and renamed himself Akhenaten. Beneath it, her facesymmetrical, poised, and objective in its beautyis a reminder of the allure that has made the bust of Nefertiti one of the worlds most enduring artworks. "[15][29][36] "Showing a woman with a long neck, elegantly arched brows, high cheekbones, a slender nose and an enigmatic smile played about red lips, the bust has established Nefertiti as one of the most beautiful faces of antiquity. She may have been the co-regent of Egypt with Akhenaten, who ruled from 1352BCE to 1336BCE. Nefertiti's parentage is mostly conjectured with two prevailing theories. "Life-sized painted bust of the queen, 47 cm high. In his 2017 bronze work Quantum Nefertiti, German sculptor Julian Voss-Andreae presents the monarch as unburdened by time or corporeal form. (Photo: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons .). Materials and Methods: Multisection CT was performed with 0.6-mm section thickness. The Amarna period, roughly 1353-1336 BCE, introduced a new form of art that completely contradicted what was known and revered in the Egyptian culture. Historians have gleaned that Nefertiti was a major proponent of Akhenaten's religious and cultural movement. The portrait bust of Nefertiti is one of the most famous icons of Ancient Egypt, yet the queen herself is still shrouded in mystery and intrigue. The three were assimilated with the divine figures in one of Egypt's most important creation myths: the birthing of the twins Shu and Tefnut from the androgynous creator god Atum. There are several depictions of how Nefertiti changed the way an ancient Egyptian queen was supposed to be. [39], Egyptian archaeologist, Egyptologist, and former Minister of State for Antiquities Affairs, Zahi Hawass believed that the bust belongs to Egypt and that it was taken out of Egypt illegally and should therefore be returned. [13][44] According to Kurt G. Siehr, another argument in support of repatriation is that "Archeological finds have their 'home' in the country of origin and should be preserved in that country. Aidan Dodson charts the career of this remarkable queen, a hard-headed pragmatist who became a forgotten - and possibly murdered - king. To gain a more in-depth understanding of queen Nefertiti, read on to learn 11 facts about her life. Her name means, `the beautiful one has come' and, because of the world-famous bust created by the sculptor Thutmose (discovered in 1912 CE), she is the most recognizable queen of ancient Egypt. [53] Hitler described the bust as "a unique masterpiece, an ornament, a true treasure", and pledged to build a museum to house it. Queen Nefertari being led by Isis, Artist: A princess eating a duck on the left, and some of the younger princesses at a banquet. A house altar showing Akhenaten, Nefertiti and three of their daughters. Yet the sculpture is also the subject of heated debates; the significance of Nefertitis gender and questions surrounding her racial identity have forged schisms in her modern cultural appeal. As a medium that doubles as an advertising tool, neon lights are often used to intrigue consumers. (Photo: Rama, CC BY-SA 3.0 France, via Wikimedia Commons). Limestone 3. ), In the Light of Amarna. The Nefertiti Bust is a painted stucco-coated limestone bust of Nefertiti, the Great Royal Wife of the Egyptian Pharaoh Akhenaten. 12791213 B.C. Omissions? Soon after Akhenatons 12th regnal year, one of the princesses died, three disappeared (and are also presumed to have died), and Nefertiti vanished. Facsimile by Charles K. WilkinsonTempera on paper, Dimensions: She had lost none of her charisma and appeal. Looking back at the most significant female figures in history, they almost without fail possessed an uncanny ability to use their physical appearance as a propaganda tool, or a means of advancing their agenda, political or otherwise. Purpose: To assess the conservation status of, to gain information on the creation of, and to provide surface reformations of the core and the surface of the bust of the pharaoh-queen Nefertiti, considered to be one of the greatest treasures of ancient Egyptian art, with computed tomography (CT). [40] On 6 March 1945, the bust was moved to a German salt mine at Merkers-Kieselbach in Thuringia. In NefertitiMiles Davis (2017), Erizku continues to connect Nefertiti with black culture, this time by transporting her to the 1970s, disguised as a disco ball. The elements of art are components or parts of a work of art that can be isolated and defined. Nefertiti's images almost always show the queen with graceful features; high cheekbones, slanting eyes, arched brows, a full mouth, and a slender neck. She is believed to have ruled beside him for 14 years. Since the official unveiling of the bust in Berlin in 1924, Egyptian authorities have demanded its return to Egypt. In bombed-ravaged Berlin she was also viewed as a symbol of flawless and unscathed beauty. Most archaeologists have rejected this claim. Egyptologists have therefore speculated that Nefertiti may be one of the unidentified bodies recovered from the caches of royal mummies in the Valley of the Kings. Bust of Nefertiti, Queen Consort of Akhenaten, 18th Dynasty, Egypt (Photo: Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons). At the same time, it is also an eloquent witness to . The bust is now in the Neues Museum in Berlin. reign of Ramesses II. It is a common notion that Cleopatra and Nefertiti were trendsetters in their time, and it is believed that it was Queen Nefertiti who first dyed her nails red as a symbol of her royal status. Here Nefertiti continued to play an important religious role, worshipping alongside her husband and serving as the female element in the divine triad formed by the god Aton, the king Akhenaton, and his queen. Art at the Time. Voss-Andreaes sculpture adheres to Nefertitis traditional representation as a bust, only to abandon the objectivity prioritized by portraiture. Despite the little surviving evidence we have of Nefertiti, there is enough to build a picture of the remarkable woman who made an impact on the ancient world. Their tombs required the most extensive used of sculpture. Nefertiti, the wife of the heretic pharaoh Akhenaten, is one of the most famous ancient Egyptian queens. Although Nefertiti and Akhenaten governed Ancient Egypt at a time of unprecedented wealth, their new religion unsettled the empire. Similarly unheard of was the symbolic precedence given to Queen Nefertiti in the art of the Amarna Period. In 1923, the bust was revealed to the public in Borchardt's writings; in 1924, it was displayed to the public as part of the Egyptian Museum of Berlin. Archaeological chemists examining Egyptian mummies have noted that the signature black, swooping eyeshadow worn by Nefertiti was packed with toxic lead-based chemicals, potentially serving as a means of fighting bacterial infection during periods when the Nile would flood. [22] The ears have suffered some damage. The inner face has creases around her mouth and cheeks and a swelling on the nose. The exact function of the bust is unknown, though it is theorized that the bust may be a sculptor's modello to be used as a basis for other official portraits, kept in the artist's workshop. However, Hawass said Egypt didn't consider the bust to be a looted antiquity. He maintained the stance that Egyptian authorities were misled over the acquisition of the bust in 1913 and demanded that Germany prove that it was exported legally. Nefertiti depicted in the "Amarna Style". Nefertiti (c. 1370-1330 BCE) was an Egyptian queen and the Great Royal Wife of Akhenaten, an Egyptian pharaoh. Shortly after coming to the throne, the new pharaoh Amenhotep IV, a son of Amenhotep III and Queen Tiye, established worship of the light that is in the orb of the sun (the Aten) as the primary religion, and the many . For their 2016 work The Other Nefertiti, the artists produced multiple 3D prints of the bust. Here, Nefertiti serves as mother, daughter, sister, and self. Nefertiti was the chief wife of the 'heretic pharaoh' Akhenaten, who ruled Late Bronze Age Egypt towards the end of the 18th Dynasty (approximately 1352-1336 BC). Hawass said, "Stierlin is not a historian. Nefertiti has become one of the most famous women of the ancient world and an icon of feminine beauty. There is good evidence for a King Smenkhkare, but the identification in the 20th century of a male body buried in the Valley of the Kings as Tutankhamens brother makes it unlikely that Nefertiti and Smenkhkare were the same person. Henri Stierlin, who has studied the subject for 25 years, claims the bust of the Egyptian beauty is a 1912 copy. Nefertiti's bust, as mentioned above, shows power and strength that is short of that of the pharaoh. Altogether, her full name means beautiful are the beauties of Aten, a beautiful woman has come. According to surviving images of Nefertiti, she had beauty in spades. The bust of Nefertiti is perhaps one of the most iconic and copied works of ancient Egyptian art in the world and with . Nefertiti was fifteen when she married sixteen-year-old Amunhotep IV and assumed the throne as queen consort. As part of. The Bust of Nefertiti . [13][14] German authorities have also argued the bust is too fragile to transport and that legal arguments for repatriation were insubstantial. Nefertiti and the rest of the royal family feature prominently in the scenes at the palaces and in the tombs of the nobles. [11] Initially stored in the cellar of the Prussian Governmental Bank, the bust was moved in the autumn of 1941 to the tower of a flak bunker in Berlin. Ironically, the Aten temples were dismantled to be used as foundations and fill for additions to the Great Temple of Amun, whom the Aten had briefly displaced. Nobody would have understood this better than Nefertiti. The depictions of Akhenaten during this time give him distinctly feminine attributes with wide hips and prominent breasts. [32] The results were published in the April 2009's Radiology. Bust of Nefertiti. Horoscope March 2023: get ready for a legendary month, 10 of the most erotic, explicit accounts on Instagram, The sexiest flesh-baring Instagram accounts you need to follow, Rihanna for Vogue Arabia, November 2017. The bust is one of Berlin's top tourist attractions. The circumstances surrounding Nefertiti's death are a mystery, as her name disappears from the historical record at about the 12th year of Akhenaten's 17-year reign. In her 2018 work Composition of Doorknocker Earrings with Pharaoh Heads and Nefertiti Recesses, the Detroit-born, New Yorkbased artist LaKela Brown brings Nefertiti into the fold of African-American material culture. Instead of elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, in art you have these building blocks: Line Shape Form Space Texture Value Color Artists manipulate these seven elements, mix them in with principles of design, and compose a piece of art. Yet as an ancient muse, her cultural potency is only enhanced by this mystique. A popular theory suggests that Nefertiti abandoned her old title at that point and became an official co-regent under the name of Neferneferuaten. [2] It is one of the most-copied works of ancient Egypt. [8][34] The 2006 scan provided greater detail than the 1992 one, revealing subtle details just 12 millimetres (0.0390.079in) under the stucco. Like most royalty, Nefertiti held many titles during her time in power, including: Standing-striding figure of Nefertiti (Photo: Andreas Praefcke, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons). [4][7], The bust of Nefertiti is believed to have been crafted about 1345BCE by the sculptor Thutmose. From Napoleons invasion of Egypt at the turn of the 19th century, to the uncovering of Tutankhamuns tomb in 1922, to The Mummy franchise, the public appetite for Egyptology has rarely waned. By inciting our engagement with the politics of race, gender, and colonial entitlement, Nefertiti has effectively surpassed the royal reach that once marked her dynasty. Her austere beauty and almost melancholy gaze once again fit with the artistic sensibilities of the time. Tone/ volume/ shading: 3D rounded/ bulgy forms which seem to be . Joanne Fletcher claimed that the female mummy found in the tomb of Amenhotep II was the body of Queen Nefertiti. In Nefertiti (Black Power) (2018), the profile of the Egyptian queen is lit up with neon lights. A sponsor of the excavation lent the sculpture to the Neues Museum in Berlin in 1913, where it has been housed ever since. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. In Nefertiti (Black Power) (2018), the profile of the Egyptian queen is lit up with neon lights. Swiss historian Henri Stierlin, author of several books. PDF | On Jul 31, 2017, Uro Mati published "Her striking but cold beauty":: Gender and violence in depictions of Queen Nefertiti smiting the enemies | Find, read and cite all the research . "I really want it back," he said. Most artists created artworks that are natural and seemingly real, highlighting the features of their subjects. Scepter of Egypt II: A Background for the Study of the Egyptian Antiquities in the Metropolitan Museum of Art: The Hyksos Period and the New Kingdom (1675-1080 B.C.). [39][43] In 1989, Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak viewed the bust and announced that Nefertiti was "the best ambassador for Egypt" in Berlin. The vivid wall paintings represent elements of the spiritual journey that the Queen's spirit would have made through the underworld in order to finally rest with the god Osiris. This neon Nefertiti denies the viewer eye contact, drawing us in while keeping us at a distance. For comparative analysis between 1992 and 2006 CT scans: For a picture of "The Body of Nefertiti" see. Historians have gleaned that Nefertiti was a major proponent of Akhenaten's religious and cultural movement. This statuette depicting the pharaoh Amenhotep IV (later called Akhenaten) and his queen, Nefertiti, exemplifies the unique developments that took place in Egyptian art of the Amarna Period. In his plaster bust I used to be Nefertiti (2014), French-Moroccan artist Mehdi-Georges Lahlou asserts a kind of intimacy between himself and the sovereign. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nefertiti, World History Encyclopedia - Biography of Nefertiti, American Research Center in Egypt - Nefertiti: Egyptian Wife, Mother, Queen and Icon, Nefertiti - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Nefertiti - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Akhenaton and Nefertiti under the sun god Aton. [33] The scan revealed that Thutmose placed layers of varying thickness on top of the limestone core. The children are not as important, so they are much smaller. "[12], A 1924 document found in the archives of the German Oriental Company recalls a 20 January 1913 meeting between Borchardt and a senior Egyptian official to discuss the division of the archeological finds of 1912 between Germany and Egypt. Queen Nefertiti, 18th Dynasty, 1375-1357 BC Egyptian Era 2. The statues of Nefertiti are well-known for depicting the ancient queen as a paradigm of female beauty; the most famous example being her painted bust located at the Neues Museum in Berlin. By the end of Akhenatons fifth regnal year, the Aton had become Egypts dominant national god. [39] It was permanently donated to the museum in 1920. Nonetheless, she played an important religious role, worshipping the god Aton alongside her husband.
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