It is mostly excreted through the urine al­though the excretion rate is very low 0 to 120 µg/24 hours. Increased values of serum ceruloplasmin occur in many acute and chronic infectious diseases, hepatic and biliary tract dis­ease, leukemia and other forms of malignancy, iron deficiency anemia, hyperthyroidism, myocardial in­farction, and certain neurological diseases. of a specific trace element becomes obvious only when the body is stressed in some way that enhances the need, or interferes with the utilization, of that element. Nutrient loss from the body can become so advanced that severe health conditions can develop without any appreciable changes noted in those same nutrient levels in a blood test. Livers of the Bantus contain large amounts of iron. d. Arginase is activated by manganese ions. The normal concentration of lead is 96-106 mEq/L of blood. Fluorine 5. c. Drinking water containing less than 0.5 ppm fluorine causes dental caries in chil­dren. g. Chronic lead poisoning causes blue lin­ing in the gum. It is also involved in the processes of cel­lular respiration. The following points highlight the eleven main trace elements present in human body. Share Your PDF File b. Some approaches used to estimate the quantitative requirements for trace elements 1. Hemochromatosis is a rare disease in which large amounts of iron are deposited in the tissues, especially the liver, pancreas, spleen and skin pro­ducing various disorders. f. Proteins of low molecular weight favour absorption. Lack of trace minerals can seriously cause dysfunction of various body systems, unable to fully absorb nutrients, and it is difficult to rule out toxins and premature aging of cells. However there are also other elements that are found in the body which are vital for survival. Chromium 11. b. Retardation of growth and fertility in chicks. Mitochondria are the principal intracellular sites of manganese uptake. Interactions between the various trace elements … A diet high in phosphate causes decreased absorption due to the formation of insolu­ble ferric phosphate (FePO4). Needed for muscle, heart and digestive system health, builds bone, supports synthesis and function of blood cells. Only the reticulocytes can utilize the fer­ric ion bound to transferrin, although reticulocytes and the mature erythrocytes can take up unbound ferric ion. Plants (and animal tissues) grown at high altitudes are deficient in iodine because of its low concentration in the water. Excessive amounts of chromium produces growth depression, liver and kidney damage in some ex­perimental animals. Triiodothyronine is more active than thyrox­ine in many respects. Ferrous ion being oxidized to ferric ion combines with apoferritin to form iron containing protein. Trace elements refer to elements that our body requires in very minute quantities. Only traces of manganese is excreted in the urine. Ferritin is present not only in the intestine but also in liver (about 700 mg), spleen and bone-marrow. About 50 to 70 per cent of the intake is readily absorbed in the small intestine. Lead is the inhibitor of enzymes and acts as a toxic substance against enzymes. The chromium content of adult human body is esti­mated to be 6 mg. Nutritional anemia in cattle and sheep living in cobalt poor soil areas can be treated successfully with cobalt. Fluorine 5. Dr. Prasad, who has been interested in this field for many years, has undertaken the enormous task of bringing our knowledge together in a comprehensive fashion. a. a. Manganese 8. Chronic lead poisoning in the early stage is manifested by facial pallor, anemia, blue line in the gum, basophilic stippling of red cells, reti­nal stippling and in the later stage there is constipation, palsy, encephalopathy, dis­turbance of genito-urinary and cardio-vas­cular system. In­jected isotopic cobalt is eliminated rapidly and al­most completely by the kidneys into the urine. h. Lead is extensively used in industries, ag­riculture, commerce, and for domestic pur­poses. It is also slightly excreted through bile and to a small extent through nails. This is due to the body removing the lead from the serum as a protective measure and depositing the metal into such tissues as the liver, bones, teeth and hair. The human body is mainly composed of Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon and Nitrogen. d. Fluoroacetate acts as a powerful inhibitor of aconitase activity, responsible for the conversion of citrate to cis-aconitate, of the citric acid cycle. 35 terms. There may be an imbalance of nutrients. The loosely bound copper is known as direct reacting copper and is loosely bound to serum albumin. In this form it is more soluble and, there­fore, readily absorbed. c. Traces of molybdenum are required for the maintenance of normal levels of xanthine oxidase in animal tissues. There is the development of hepatolenticular degeneration re­sembling Parkinson’s disease. e. Gastric acidity increases absorption by converting Fe(OH)3 to Fe+++. g. It is essential for the normal growth and reproduction of animals. a. Losses of iron into the urine occur in proteinu­ria. d. Lead acetate, although more injurious lo­cally, is soluble in water and easily ab­sorbed when swallowed. In hepatic disease, both the bound iron and the total iron-binding ca­pacity of the plasma is low. c. There is also poor growth, loss of appetite and hypogeusia in young malnourished children with subnormal hair zinc levels. Zinc is used in the P-cells of the pancreas to store and release insulin as required. This chapter is a summary of the role of the following essential trace elements in the etiology and prevention of chronic diseases: iron, zinc, fluoride, selenium, copper, chromium, iodine, manganese, and molybdenum. e. It is required for the preparation of insulin and increases the duration of insulin ac­tion when given by injection. Zinc 6. About 65 per cent of the amount ingested is ex­creted in the urine, the remainder in the feces. c. 40 to 80 per cent is usually excreted in the urine; of which 20 to 70 µg daily in adults and 20 to 35 µg in children. The daily biliary excretion of copper is 0.5 to 1.3 mg and 0.1 to 0.3 mg is ex­creted across the intestinal mucosa into the bowel lumen. Chalky white patches with yellow or brown staining are found over the surface of the teeth. Iron 2. It is mobilized from the tissues in response to glucose administration. The experimental animals on a copper-deficient diet lose weight and die. It is present in all tissues in small amounts. Anemic women should take fer­rous sulphate tablets. The concentration of iodine in the salivary glands, ovaries, pituitary gland, hair and bile is greater than that in muscle. Essential trace elements of the human body include zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), selenium (Se), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), iodine (I), manga- nese (Mn), and molybdenum (Mo). Also discussed are aluminum, cadmium, mercury, arsenic, and lead; these elements have not been demonstrated to be essential for humans but were reviewed by the committee because they are frequently ingested as contaminants in food or water. The daily requirement of these elements is below … Molybdenum: Human Body: Trace Element # 10. These compounds are broken down into free ferric ions or loosely bound organic iron. Trace elements The body requires essential and nonessential nutrients for metabolic processes. Rich sources are sea water, marine vegetation, sea foods, and vegetables as well as fruits grown on the seaboard. The symptoms of alkali disease are dullness, lack of vitality, roughness of coat, loss of hair from the body and tail, stiffness and lameness, cir­rhosis of liver and anemia. The enamel becomes weak and in severe cases there occurs a profound loss of enamel with ‘pit­ting’ which gives both the surfaces a cor­roded appearance. Iron: The total iron content of the normal adult is about 4 to 5 gm. A certain amount is also present in the bones and teeth. It is an X-linked disorder of intestinal copper ab­sorption. It is suggested that reduction in cytochrome oxidase activity may lead to cardiac hypertrophy. Content Guidelines 2. d. About 3 per cent of zinc ion is contained in leukocytes. Infants and children absorb a higher percentage of iron from foods than adults. functions primarily as a carrier for oxygen as part of hemoglobin and myoglobin; important in immune function, cognitive development, temperature regulation, energy metabolism; about 90% in body is conserved and reused. The firmly bound copper consists of ceruloplasmin. Elements that exist mainly as negatively charged ions or oxyanions, such as arsenic, boron, and fluoride, are usually absorbed quite freely and completely from the gastrointestinal tract. What is the significance of transpiration? d. It regulates the incorporation of certain amino acids in heart muscle in rats. The disease becomes endemic in low sele­nium zones. Chronic lead poisoning appears when the level of the accumulated lead exceeds the threshold level. Selenium 10. These symptoms may be cured by the admin­istration of both selenium and vitamin E because of their close metabolic relationship. Disclaimer Copyright, Share Your Knowledge It can be seen that minerals are closely related to the absorption and operation of the body and other minerals, and the importance cannot be ignored. Drinking water containing 1 to 2 ppm meet up the requirement of the body and pre­vent dental caries without producing any ill effect. 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