It is the first European mission to Mercury, and the first to send two spacecraft to make complementary measurements of the planet and its environment at the same time. The first discovery of an asteroid-moon system was of asteroid Ida and its moon Dactyl in 1993. Mercury is a rocky planet, also known as a terrestrial planet. Mercury Seven est le groupe des sept premiers astronautes du monde, sélectionnés par la NASA le 9 avril 1959, un an avant que les Soviétiques ne recrutent leurs premiers cosmonautes. Thin and rocky crust; mantle is rich in iron and magnesium. The nebula began to collapse (gravitational collapse) in on itself after becoming gravitationally unstable. They have a core of heavy metals.4. Jupiter’s atmosphere is made up mostly of hydrogen (H2) and helium (He). using search above. Luminous heavenly bodies which have their own light and other radiant energy are called a. A dark patch on the surface of the Sun is known as a sunspot. Venus is a rocky planet, also known as a terrestrial planet. Jupiter has 50 known moons, with an additional 17 moons awaiting confirmation of their discovery, that is a total of 67 moons. Mercury, the innermost planet of the solar system and the eighth in size and mass. This is because they are made of the same material from which the whole solar system was made. Auroras are caused by charged particles, mainly electrons and protons, entering the atmosphere from above causing ionisation and excitation of atmospheric constituents, and consequent optical emissions. There are numerous questions on Planets and their moons. Watch Queue Queue When these particle enter into the earth’s atmosphere, they burn up due to heat produced by air resistance and produce a shower of meteors or shooting stars. #UPSC Get link; Facebook; Twitter; Pinterest; Email; Other Apps - September 19, 2019 Why PLUTO is not considered as a Planet? Saturn’s atmosphere is made up mostly of hydrogen (H2) and helium (He). Mercury’s thin atmosphere, or exosphere, is composed mostly of oxygen (O2), sodium (Na), hydrogen (H2), helium (He), and potassium (K). As the solar wind approaches a planet that has a well-developed magnetic field (such as Earth, Jupiter and Saturn), the particles are deflected. Voyager 2 is the only spacecraft to have visited Uranus. Meteorites may look very much like Earth rocks, or they may have a burned appearance. As the disc continued to cool, the planetesimals grew in size through accretion to form. They have ring system around them.3. It is called Milky Way because it looks like a river of milky light flowing from one corner to another of the sky. It is called a. This is a strange exception. (4.35 Light years). The moon has no light of its own, it is light from the sun which is reflected by the moon’s surface. Optical and radio telescope studies indicate the existence of about 100 billion galaxies in the visible universe. The Sun’s Internal Structure and Atmosphere. The common features of the Jovian planets are -1. If you look around from any place, whether a mountain, a level plain, or top of a very tall building, the horizon will always appear circular. Just above the photosphere is the chromosphere. One day on Jupiter takes about 10 hours (the time it takes for Jupiter to rotate or spin once). Mercury est le chef de file de l'industrie grâce à ses innovations de navigation en partant de la technologie Joystick Zeus à l'affichage VesselView, au Joystick Piloting pour hors-bords, à l'Active Trim, et à l'ancrage numérique du GPS Skyhook. Its largest moon is named Charon. Why PLUTO is not considered as a planet? Its closeness to the Sun and its smallness make it the most elusive of the planets visible to the unaided eye . UPSC The Solar System UPSC Notes | EduRev Summary and Exercise are very important for The magnetosphere is roughly shaped like a hemisphere on the side facing the Sun, then is drawn out in a long trail on the opposite side. Comets may not be able to support life themselves, but they may have brought water and organic compounds, i.e., the building blocks of life — through collisions with the Earth and other bodies in our solar system. Engineers when driving poles of equal length at regular intervals on the ground have found that they do not give a perfect horizontal level. The view that the Earth is spherical in shape was first forwarded by the famous Greek philosopher, Pythagoras, in the sixth century BC. Features of Inner Planets. The Solar System UPSC Notes | EduRev chapter (including extra questions, long questions, short questions, mcq) can be found on EduRev, you can check The convection zone is the next to the core of the sun. The Dawn mission is the first mission to orbit (2011) a main-belt asteroid (Vesta). Saturn is a gas-giant planet and therefore does not have a solid surface. Here the temperature drops to 2-million-degree C. The photosphere’s temperature is 6,000°C. This is For example. Unlike any of the other planets, Uranus rotates on its side, which means it spins horizontally. Mercury; Mercury is the smallest and innermost planet in the Solar System. Tests & Videos, you can search for the same too. Goldilocks zoneA habitable zone, also called a Goldilocks zone, is the region around a star where orbiting planets similar to the Earth can support liquid water.It is neither too hot nor too cold. It is 150 million km away from earth. Mercury is a rocky planet, also known as a terrestrial planet. The earth lies in this galaxy. The sun is also the source of all the energy in the solar system. It is the closest planet to the sun at a distance of about 58 million km (36 million miles) or 0.39 AU. These notes will also be useful for other competitive exams like banking PO, SSC, state civil services exams and so on. Sun-spots are dark appearing areas present in the photosphere from where solar flares originate. It is a star made up of extremely hot gases, particularly by hydrogen (70%), Helium (26.5%), and others (3.5%) gases. More than 40 spacecraft have explored Venus. The ProtoStar further condenses to a critical stage of mass where nuclear fusion begins and star finally comes into existence. It consists mostly of hydrogen gas. When a meteor enters into the atmosphere of earth with high speed, a lot of heat is produced due to the resistance of air. There may be as many as 100,000 asteroids. This article talks about the Geography syllabus for IAS exam as an assimilating discipline as a science of spatial characteristics and Divisions of geography and significance of physical geography. The meteors are also called shooting stars. It should be noted that though we commonly call earth’s natural satellite as moon, the satellites of all other planets can also be called their moons. This was possibly because of a nearby supernova sending shock waves rippling through space. Its orbital period around the Sun of 88 days is the shortest of all the planets in the Solar System. EduRev is a knowledge-sharing community that depends on everyone being able to pitch in when they know something. On the moon, days are extremely hot and nights are very cold. Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, And Pluto (currently consider as dwarf planet) Note: All images are not for scale. All four giant planets in our solar system have ring systems. The moon is a rocky, solid-surface body, with much of its surface cratered and pitted from impacts. Within the solar nebula, the dust particles in the gas occasionally collided and clumped together. It has been suggested that the Sun is 1% cooler when it has no sunspot and that this variation in solar radiation might affect the climates of the Earth. The four inner terrestrial planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars – are generally smaller, denser, and less oblate (more nearly spherical), and; They rotate more slowly on their axes than the four outer Jovian planets – Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. By continuing, I agree that I am at least 13 years old and have read and agree to the. Everything that exists, from the Galactic Mega clusters to the tiniest subatomic particles, comprises the Universe. But one assumption it got right was that the solar system was born from a giant gas of dust called as. Star starts its life as clouds of dust and gas known as Nebula. Nowadays, when you can see the Earth in its true perspective from the outer space, the fact that the shape of the Earth is spherical needs no further proof. This is possible only in case of a spherical body. Image Source: Google . The difference between the equatorial diameter and the polar diameter is less than 44 km. However, some of Jupiter’s moons have oceans underneath their crusts that might support life. Earth is the perfect place for life as we know it. All these planets move around the sun in a fixed orbit. Also Read – Geography Optional Syllabus For UPSC. However, it is not a perfect sphere, rather it an oblate spheroid, bulging slightly at the equator and flattened slightly at the poles. It is relatively a thin layer of burning gases. This is because the collision of an asteroid with the earth can cause a lot of damage to life and property on the earth. Only two missions have visited this rocky planet: Mariner 10 in 1974-5 and MESSENGER, which flew past. The giant star expands into Red Supergiant after consuming its fuel (H & He). Each spot has a black centre or umbra, and a lighter region or penumbra, surrounding it. It has immense gravitational pull which keeps the planets fixed in their orbit, revolving around the sun. Asteroids are solid, rocky and irregular bodies. Great Bear consists of Ursa Minor (Laghu Saptarishi) and Ursa Major (Vrihat Saptarishi) and can be seen in the early night during summer. A white Dwarf star becomes dark balls of matter on cooling to make Black Dwarf Star. Mercury is a rocky planet, also known as a terrestrial planet. Smallest planet: Mercury; Largest planet: Jupiter; Inner planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars; Outer planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune; Planet Orbit: An orbit is a path an object takes in space as it revolves around another object. One day on Saturn takes 10.7 hours (the time it takes for Saturn to rotate or spin once). They are nearer to the Sun, move faster and have a shorter period of revolution. The study of the tail of the comets has shown the existence of molecules of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen such as CO, CH4 and HCN on it. However, the natural process of soil erosion like wind and rain, tend to fill up these craters in due course of time. The ‘. Moon revolves round the earth on a definite, regular path- the moon’s orbit. Many planets in our solar system have atmospheres, but only Earth is breathable. Planets The 8 planets have been divided into two groups. Neptune’s atmosphere is made up mostly of hydrogen (H2), helium (He) and methane (CH4). Sun is not a solid body. In the outer, cooler portion of the nebula, water ice was the dominant component. Mercury is the smallest of the eight planets and is closest to the sun. Do check out the sample questions Saturn has 53 known moons with an additional nine moons awaiting confirmation of their discovery, that is a total of 62 moons. At 58 million kilometers distance, Mercury is closest planet to Sun. Comet Halley -It is a short period comet visible from Earth every 75-76 years. A corona is a distinctive atmosphere of plasma that surrounds the Sun and other celestial bodies. Jupiter has a faint ring system that was discovered in 1979 by the Voyager-1 mission. The sudden flash of brightness observed near the sun’s surface which is a collection of magnetic energy including electrons, protons, and nuclei are called solar flares. By studying the composition of meteorites we can get valuable information about the nature of the material from which the solar system was formed. It should be noted that the number of meteorites striking the moon’s surface is quite large whereas very few meteorites reach the earth’s surface. Moreover, planets with a weak or non-existent magnetosphere are subject to atmospheric stripping by the solar wind. The coma maybe hundreds of thousands of kilometers in diameter. Actually, asteroids are a belt of a kind of debris, which somehow failed to assemble into a planet and keep revolving between the orbits of mars and Jupiter. Mercury is the smallest planet in the Solar System. This is important for legal and regulatory measures; aircraft and spacecraft fall under different jurisdictions and are subject to different treaties. They are concise particles and are harmful for satellite communication. The photosphere is the bright outer layer of the Sun that emits most of the radiation. The sun is a sphere of hot gases. EduRev is like a wikipedia The Solar System UPSC Notes | EduRev notes for UPSC is made by best teachers who have written some of the best books of Planets. Mercury World guide Europe and Japan's BepiColombo launched in 2018 and arrives at Mercury in 2025. As a result, stars core contracts under its own weight to a very high density to make a white Dwarf star. However, light takes about 4.3 years to reach us from the next nearest star called. The satellites have no light of their own. A giant interstellar cloud known as the solar nebula (a vast, swirling cloud of gas and dust) gave birth to our solar system and everything in it. Pluto is in a region called the Kuiper Belt. India's Shukrayaan-1 launches in 2023 to map the surface with radar and infrared detectors. The diameter of the Earth is 12,756 km at the equator, whereas it is 12,712 km between the poles. The mission will perform a comprehensive study of Mercury, including characterization of its magnetic … The nebula started its collapse and core formation some 5-5.6 billion years ago and the Sun and the planets were formed about 4.6 billion years ago. To Study The Solar System UPSC Notes | EduRev for UPSC It is only slightly larger than the Moon that orbits Earth – making it the smallest planet in our solar system. Daytime Temperatures can reach 430° Celsius (800° Fahrenheit) and drop to -180° Celsius (-290° Fahrenheit) at night. MTM will support the duo during the long cruise to the solar system's innermost planet. The sun accounts for almost 99.9 percent of the matter in the whole solar system. They are relatively a region cooler than its surrounding. The solar flare (wind) is a stream of charged particles released from the upper atmosphere of the sun. The ionization of these elements increases the temperature of the corona. Nebular Theory of Laplace (1796) tried to explain the formation of the solar system. Rocks that escaped the pull of planets were left as asteroids, scattered through the solar system. They have a thin, rocky crust.2. This is due to the centrifugal force caused by the Earth’s rotation around its axis. Asteroids are very small planets of rock and metal which revolve round the sun mainly between the orbits of mars and Jupiter. UPSC. The Kármán line is an attempt to define a boundary between Earth’s atmosphere and outer space. 5 Can't Breathe It Mercury's thin atmosphere, or exosphere, is composed mostly of oxygen (O2), sodium (Na), hydrogen (H2), helium (He), and potassium (K). The two groups of planets are: 1. Uranus cannot support life as we know it. In the inner, hotter part of the solar nebula, planetesimals were composed mostly of silicates and metals. In 1838, Sir George Darwin suggested that initially, the earth and the moon formed a single rapidly rotating body. BepiColombo is scheduled to slip into orbit around Mercury in December 2025, after nine different planetary flybys (one of Earth, two of Venus and six of Mercury). Mercury is the smallest planet in the solar system. Prominences can loop hundreds of thousands of miles into space. Meteors and meteorites begin as meteoroids, which are little chunks of rock and debris in space. The Kármán line is the altitude where space begins. The Sun’s corona extends millions of kilometres into space and is most easily seen during a total solar eclipse. It played a key role in tracking killer asteroids heading towards Earth. Many of the meteor showers are associated with comets. One day on Mars takes just a little over 24 hours (the time it takes for Mars to rotate or spin once). Mercury is not only the smallest, but also the fastest planet orbiting the Sun.Noticing the swift pace at which Mercury revolved around the Sun, ancient Romans named the planet after Mercury: the “swift-footed messenger of the gods”. The Planets – Inner and Outer | UPSC – IAS. The sun is at the centre of the solar system and all these bodies are revolving around it. Neptune’s moons are named after various sea gods and nymphs in Greek mythology. This heat burns the meteor and the burning meteor is seen in the form of a streak of light shooting down the sky, and it falls on the earth in the form of dust. If the Earth was flat, then all the places on the Earth would have had sunrise and sunset exactly at the same time. And it presents a spectacular sight. The whole mass became a dumb-bell-shaped body and eventually, it broke. Scientists hunting for life in the Solar System and around other stars believe liquid water is an important ingredient necessary for life.In September 2010 astronomers using the Keck telescope announced they had found an exoplanet, Gliese 581g2, about three times the size of Earth in the habitable zone of its star. Earth has one moon. The sun is the head of solar family or solar system. International Astronomical Union (IAU) recognized five dwarf planets such as Ceres, Pluto, Haumea, Makemake, and Sedan. The term superior planet designates planets outside Earth’s orbit and thus includes both the outer planets and Mars. It is now generally believed that the formation of moon, as a satellite of the earth, is an outcome of ‘giant impact’ or what is described as “the big splat”. Terrestrial Planets 2. Due this much proximity, mercury’s orbit is very much stretched into a long elliptical shape.. GK, General Studies, Optional notes for UPSC, IAS, Banking, Civil Services. The differential rotation extends considerably down into the interior of the Sun but the core of the Sun rotates as a solid body. It is 100 km (about 62 miles) high. The planet’s extremely high temperatures of almost 480° Celsius (900° Fahrenheit) made it seem an unlikely place for life as we know it. The planets which are outside the orbit of Mars are called Jovian planets because their structure is similar to that of Jupiter. When an asteroid collides with the earth, then a huge crater is formed on the surface of the earth. Voyager 2 is the only spacecraft to have visited Neptune. The boundary of this region is called the. The nuclear fusion reactions taking place in the centre of the sun( in which hydrogen is converted into helium) produce a tremendous amount of energy in the form of heat and light. The 0.1% of matter that remained orbited around the Sun, causing the randomly shaped gas cloud to form a flat disc shape. Just like asteroids, comets are also of great interest to scientists. Many times we see a streak of light in the sky during night which disappears within seconds. Orion or Mriga can be seen in the late evening during winter; Cassiopeia in the Northern Sky is seen during winter. The period of revolution of comets around the sun is, however, very large. If you want The Solar System UPSC Notes | EduRev One day on Mercury takes 59 Earth days. Many such collisions of the asteroids must have occurred in the past during the entire history of the earth which may have caused craters of different sizes on its surface. Goldilocks Zone. Mercury is the smallest and innermost planet in the Solar System.Its orbit around the Sun takes 87.97 Earth days, the shortest of all the planets in the Solar System. of The Solar System UPSC Notes | EduRev for UPSC, the answers and examples explain the meaning of chapter in the best manner. Since 2004, Cassini has been exploring Saturn, its moons and rings. At this time in the planet’s history, Mars’ surface cannot support life as we know it. Mercury is bright when it is visible from Earth, ranging from −2.0 to 5.5 in apparent magnitude. This causes the moon to keep the same side or face towards Earth during the course of its orbit. Gravitational attraction of the earth holds the moon in its orbits. Meteorites are a sort of stones from the sky. The moon revolve round the earth, so moon is a satellite of the earth. The solar wind is a stream of energised, charged particles, primarily electrons and protons, flowing outward from the Sun at speeds as high as 900 km/s and at a temperature of 1 million degrees (Celsius). Uranus has 13 known rings. Name of All Planets in our Solar System. Just like old age humans, Mercury has also developed wrinkles that can be up to a mile high and hundreds of miles long. Mars’ solid surface has been altered by volcanoes, impacts, crustal movement and movement and atmospheric effects such as dust storms. The biggest asteroid called ‘ceres’ has a diameter of about 800 kilometres whereas the smallest asteroid is as small as pebble. perfect preparation. It continuously gives off energy in the form of visible light, infra-red, ultraviolet, X- rays, gamma rays, radio waves, and plasma gas. Uranus’ moons are named after characters from the works of William Shakespeare and Alexander Pope. It was also suggested that the material forming the moon was separated from what we have at present the depression occupied by the Pacific Ocean. Its surface is covered with hard and loose dirt, craters and mountains. Leonid MAC (an airborne mission that took flight during the years 1998 – 2002) studied the interaction of meteoroids with the Earth’s atmosphere. Twelve human beings have walked on the surface of the moon. The Jovian planets are: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Thus, the motion of all members of the solar system is governed mainly by the gravitational force of the sun. Hey Dosto, In this article we will read about Universe and Solar system Planets information. Mercury. Mercury is a planet that loves to break records. Today we know that the Earth is almost spherical. You can see some The Solar System UPSC Notes | EduRev sample questions with examples at the bottom of this page. The common features of the terrestrial planets are -1. Venus is the second closest planet to the sun at a distance of about 108 million km (67 million miles) or 0.72 AU. When comets come around the sun, they leave a dusty trail. The inner rings are narrow and dark and the outer rings are brightly colored. They have thin atmosphere.5. Gravity then caused dust and gas to coalesce to the centre of the nebular cloud. Nuclear fusion produces a huge amount of energy. The core of the sun consists of hydrogen atoms which fuse together due to compression and creates helium. At a stage, it explodes as Supernova or changes into Neutron or Black Holes. The Sun and the other planets in the Solar System are all spherical in shape. It is radiated outward to the surface, atmosphere, and beyond. These are asteroids, comets and meteors. They shine because they reflect the light of the sun. Meteor showers are usually named after a star or constellation which is close to the radiant. The effective temperature on the outer side of the photosphere is. It does have a tenuous atmosphere, but ground and space-based observations see just the gray rocky color of Mercury. These comets are so far off that normally they cannot be seen. Geography for UPSC (Civil Services) Prelims, Astronomy: The Solar System & The Nebular Theory, Astronomy: The Universe, Big Bang, Red Shift, Blue Shift, The solar system consists of the sun, the. Highlights The mission BepiColombo consists of two satellites launched together. Mercury has a solid, cratered surface, much like the Earth's moon. The hot, rocky material near the centre of the solar system gave rise to terrestrial planets with metal cores (mostly composed of iron and nickel): Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. The orbiters are ESA’s Mercury Planetary Orbiter (MPO) and JAXA’s Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter (MMO, or ‘Mio’). They are Mercury Planetary Orbiter and Mercury Magentospheric Orbiter. Which is elongated in shape (elliptical). Because its rising or setting is always within about two hours of the Sun’s, it … Venus’ solid surface is a created and volcanic landscape. In size, Mercury is comparable to Earth’s moon but slightly larger than it. Inner planets include Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars, while Outer Planets include Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Current missions exploring Mars on the surface and from orbit are determining Mars’ past and future potential for life. As solar flares are pushed through the corona, they heat its gas to anywhere from 10 to 20 million °C. 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