", "What happened with Catalonia's vote for independence -- and what's next", "Recurso de inconstitucionalidad n.º 4334-2017, contra la Ley del Parlamento de Cataluña 19/2017, de 6 de septiembre, del Referéndum de Autodeterminación", "Catalan Separatists Plot Show of Force in Battle With Madrid", "Protests in Barcelona against suspension of Catalan autonomy – in pictures", "Catalans declare independence from Spain", "Spain dissolves Catalan parliament and calls fresh elections", "DIRECTO: El Senado aprueba la aplicación del 155", "En vivo - Rajoy disuelve el Parlament y convoca elecciones catalanas el 21 de diciembre", "Rajoy cesa a Puigdemont y su Govern y convoca elecciones para el 21 de diciembre", "Catalonia Independence: nine former ministers jailed", "Quim Torra pren possessió com a 131è president de la Generalitat", "Spanish judge jails proposed Catalan leader hours ahead of planned inauguration", "UNPO: UNPO Welcomes the Assemblea Nacional Catalana as its Newest Member", "Spanish Supreme Court sentences Catalan separatists to prison, sparking protests", The Cetaceans of the Spanish Coasts: A Survey, "Beginnings of the autonomous regime, 1918–1932", "The republican Government of Catalonia, 1931–1939", "Title IV. Temperature may reach 35 °C (95 °F), some days even 40 °C (104 °F). The  AP-2  (Autopista del Nord-est) and  A-2  (Autovia del Nord-est) connect inland and onward to Madrid. In order to collect general taxes, the Courts of 1359 established a permanent representative of deputies position, called the Deputation of the General (and later usually known as Generalitat), which gained political power over the next centuries.[33]. la of Urgell dealt in the myriad transaction charters which Catalonia offers to the early … El Diari de la Catalunya Central", "Sánchez-Camacho rebutja la postura inicial de Bauzá de derogar la llei de Normalització Lingüística a les Illes Balears", "A traditional Nativity scene, Catalan-style", "TV3 lidera l'audiència per 9è any consecutiu i té el millor resultat dels últims 6 anys", "TV3 estableix un nou rècord: nou anys de liderat consecutius", "ABC (Madrid) - 24/04/1974, p. 49 - ABC.es Hemeroteca", "Law 1/1980 where the Parlamient of Catalonia declares that 11th of September is the National Day of Catalonia", "Law 1/1993 National Anthem of Catalonia", "Spain's El Bulli named best restaurant in world", « Meilleur restaurant du monde » grand prix de la tourista internationale, "Firman acuerdo de colaboración gobierno de NL y Cataluña, España | Info7 | Nuevo León", "Firman NL y Cataluña intercambio estratégico | Info7 | Nuevo León", "VIDEO: Nuevo León y Cataluña, ¿tierras hermanas? Like the rest of the Mediterranean side of the Iberian Peninsula, the area was occupied by the Iberians and several Greek colonies were established on the coast before the Roman conquest. 8 / 10 TRÈS BIEN. [36] Castile commissioned expeditions to the Americas and benefited from the riches acquired in the Spanish colonisation of the Americas, but, in time, also carried the main burden of military expenses of the united Spanish kingdoms. In hundreds of non-binding local referendums on independence, organised across Catalonia from 13 September 2009, a large majority voted for independence, although critics argued that the polls were mostly held in pro-independence areas. On the other hand, the Spanish Constitution does not recognize equal language rights for national minorities since it enshrined Spanish as the only official language of the state, the knowledge of which being compulsory. When the Counts of Barcelona became Kings of Aragón, the two territories of Aragon and Catalonia were united under one monarch. Catalan art Catalan art. The County of Barcelona suffered incursions of Islam in … (1911). The first constitutions were promulgated by the Corts of 1283. Moreover, in Catalonia there is a relative wealth of groundwaters, although there is inequality between comarques, given the complex geological structure of the territory. During the Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659), Catalonia revolted (1640–1652) against a large and burdensome presence of the royal army, being briefly proclaimed a republic under French protection, until it was largely reconquered by the Spanish army. [31] This treaty confirmed, from French point of view, the independence of the Catalan counties established and exercised during the previous three centuries, but also meant the irremediable separation between the geographical areas of Catalonia and Languedoc. From Hairy Guifré (878 - 897), the county of Barcelona was hereditary. Origin of the flag of Catalonia. Sport has a distinct importance in Catalan life and culture since the beginning of the 20th century and consequently, has a well developed sport infrastructure. ", "Catalonia can call itself a 'nation', rules Spain's top court 29 Jun 2010", "A nationality, not a nation Jul 1st 2010", "Padró municipal d'habitants. On 1 November 2012, Catalonia started charging a tourist tax. Baroque and Counter Reformation. The most outstanding authors of this period are Salvador Espriu, Josep Pla, Josep Maria de Sagarra (the latter three being considered as the main responsible of the renewal of Catalan prose), Mercè Rodoreda, Joan Oliver Sallarès or "Pere Quart", Pere Calders, Gabriel Ferrater, Manuel de Pedrolo, Agustí Bartra or Miquel Martí i Pol. By the late 1950s the region had recovered its pre-war economic levels and in the 1960s was the second fastest growing economy in the world in what became known as the Spanish miracle. In the Spanish Constitution of 1978 Catalonia, along with the Basque Country and Galicia, was defined as a "nationality". Churches often host exhibits of numerous dioramas by nativity scene makers, or a single nativity scene they put out, and town halls generally put out a nativity scene in the central square. Present. The Coastal Range is both the shorter and the lower of the two, while the Pre-Coastal is greater in both length and elevation. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the area was conquered by the Visigoths and was ruled as part of the Visigothic Kingdom for almost two and a half centuries. Catalonia). In 988 Borrell II, Count of Barcelona, did not recognise the new French king Hugh Capet as his king, evidencing the loss of dependency from Frankish rule and confirming his successors (from Ramon Borrell I to Ramon Berenguer IV) as independent of the Capetian crown whom they regarded as usurpers of the Carolingian Frankish realm. Faced with this problems, Catalan authorities initiated several measures whose purpose is to protect natural ecosystems. Its seat is the town hall (ajuntament, casa de la ciutat or casa de la vila). Yesterday … At the same time, the Principality of Catalonia developed a complex institutional and political system based in the concept of a pact between the estates of the realm and the king. The wealth of the four counties that its ruler, Count-Marquis Borrell II (945–93), controlled had been growing throughout his … Search terms . 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